With the use of appropriate laboratory tests we are able to discern with certainty the deficiencies, toxins, parasites, organ function, food sensitivities/allergies, inflammation, metabolic rate, endocrine disruption, enzyme activity and more.

Although the extensive medical questionnaire gives a relatively clear perspective of a patient’s current health state, functional tests are the basis of a practitioner’s 'true' understanding of a patient’s specific conditions and current state. 

Functional testing is also proof to the medical industry that alternative and holistic medicine uses up-to-date scientific information as a basis for its treatments and verifies our professionalism. 

Mandatory Tests

Most of these tests are routinely done by conventional medicine practitioners and paid by Medicare or insurance. We added some tests which we believe are important to complement the routine testing and ensure better evaluation and diagnostic. The mandatory list will give the practitioner the necessary first overview to determine basic imbalances.

Laboratory testing, which is mandatory for every patient's first assessment:

• Complete blood chemistry with complete blood count and electrolyte profile
• Liver function test
• Kidney function test
• Lipid status (including cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, HDL/LDL ratio)
• Homocysteine
• Full iron status (ferritin, transferritin, saturation)
• 25-OH vitamin D
• HbA1c glycosylated HB
• Fasting glucose
• TSH
• Free T3
• Free T4
• High sensitive CRP
• ESR
• Vitamin B12
• RBC Folate
• RBC zinc
• RBC selenium
• RBC copper
• Urine iodine spot test

Pathology testing

Complete Blood Chemistry

There are many important factors to consider in your blood chemistry.

Blood tests allow a doctor to see a detailed analysis of any disease markers, the nutrients and waste products in your blood as well as how various organs (e.g., kidneys and liver) are functioning. Below, I have explained some of the commonly measured indicators of health.

During a physical examination, your doctor will often draw blood for chemistry and complete blood count (CBC) tests as well as a lipid profile, which measures cholesterol and related elements.

Electrolyte Profile

Most of the body's sodium is found in the extracellular fluid (ECF) outside of the body’s cells, where it helps to regulate the amount of water in your body.

• Potassium is found mainly inside the body’s cells. A small but vital amount of potassium is found in the plasma, the liquid portion of the blood. Monitoring potassium is important as small changes in the K+ level can affect the heart’s rhythm and ability to contract
• Chloride travels in and out of the cells to help maintain electrical neutrality, and its level usually mirrors that of sodium
• The main job of bicarbonate, which is excreted and reabsorbed by the kidneys, is to help maintain a stable pH level and, secondarily, to help maintain electrical neutrality.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

The CBC test examines cellular elements in the blood, including red blood cells, various white blood cells, and platelets. Here is a list of the components that are normally measured, along with typical values. If your doctor says you’re fine but your tests results are somewhat different from the range shown here, don’t be alarmed. Some labs interpret test results a bit differently from others so don’t consider these figures absolute.

A test is needed if a patient is having symptoms associated with anaemia, such as fatigue (tiredness) or weakness, or has an infection, inflammation, bruising, or bleeding, then the doctor may order an FBC to help diagnose the cause.

Significant increases in WBCs may help confirm that an infection is present and suggest the need for further testing to identify its cause.

Decreases in the number of RBCs (anaemia) can be further evaluated by changes in size or shape of the RBCs to help determine if the cause might be decreased production, increased loss, or increased destruction of RBCs.

A platelet count that is low or extremely high may confirm the cause of excessive bleeding or clotting and can be associated with disease of the bone marrow such as leukaemia.

Many conditions will result in increases or decreases in the cell populations.

Some of these conditions may require treatment while others will resolve on their own.

Some diseases, such as cancer (and chemotherapy treatment), can affect bone marrow production of cells, increasing theproduction of one cell at the expense of others or decreasing overall cell production.

Some medications can decrease WBC counts, and some vitamin and mineral deficiencies can cause anaemia. The FBC test may be ordered by the doctor on a regular basis to monitor these conditions and drug treatments.

WBC (white blood cell) leukocyte count

Normal range: 4,300 to 10,800 cmm

White blood cells help fight infections, so a high white blood cell count could be helpful for identifying infections. It may also indicate leukemia, which can cause an increase in the number of white blood cells. On the other hand, too few white blood cells could be caused by certain medications or health disorders.

Increased:

• Infections
• Inflammation
• Cancer
• Leukaemia.

Decreased:

• Some medications (such as methotrexate)
• Some autoimmune conditions
• Some viral or severe infections
• Bone marrow failure
• Enlarged spleen
• Liver disease
• Alcohol excess
• Congenital marrow aplasia (marrow doesn't develop normally).

WBC (white blood cell) differential count

Neutrophils 40% to 60% of the total lymphocytes, 20% to 40% of the total Monocytes, 2% to 8% of the total Eosinophils, 1% to 4% of the total Basophils, 0.5% to 1% of the total.

This test measures the numbers, shapes and sizes of various types of white blood cells listed above. The WBC differential count also shows if the numbers of different cells are in proper proportion to each other. Irregularities in this test could signal an infection, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, anemia, or other health concerns.

RBC (red blood cell) erythrocyte count

Normal range: 4.2 to 5.9 million cmm. We have millions of red blood cells in our bodies and this test measures the number of RBCs in a specific amount of blood. It helps us determine the total number of RBCs and gives us an idea of their lifespan, but it does not indicate where problems originate. So if there are irregularities, other tests will be required.

Hematocrit (Hct)

Normal range: 45% to 52% for men; 37% to 48% for women. Useful for diagnosing anemia, this test determines how much of the total blood volume in the body consists of red blood cells.

Hemoglobin (Hgb)Normal range: 13 to 18 g/dL for men; 12 to 16 g/dL for women. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which makes blood bright red. More importantly, hemoglobin delivers oxygen from the lungs to the entire body; then it returns to the lungs with carbon dioxide, which we exhale. Healthy hemoglobin levels vary by gender. Low levels of hemoglobin may indicate anemia.

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Normal range: 80 to 100 femtolitres

This test measures the average volume of red blood cells or the average amount of space each red blood cell fills. Irregularities could indicate anemia and/or chronic fatigue syndrome.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

Normal range: 27 to 32 picograms. This test measures the average amount of hemoglobin in the typical red blood cell. Results that are too high could signal anemia, while those too low may indicate a nutritional deficiency.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Normal range: 28% to 36%The MCHC test reports the average concentration of hemoglobin in a specific amount of red blood cells. Here again, we are looking for indications of anemia if the count is low or possible nutritional deficiencies if it’s high.

Red cell distribution width (RDW or RCDW)

Normal range: 11% to 15%. With this test we get an idea of the shape and size of red blood cells. In this case, ‘width’ refers to a measurement of distribution, not the size of the cells. Liver disease, anemia, nutritional deficiencies and a number of health conditions could cause high or low RDW results.

Platelet count

Normal range: 150,000 to 400,000 mL. Platelets are small portions of cells involved in blood clotting. Too many or too few platelets can affect clotting in different ways. The number of platelets may also indicate a health condition.

Mean platelet volume (MPV)

Normal range: 7.5 to 11.5 femtolitres

This test measures and calculates the average size of platelets. Higher MPVs mean the platelets are larger, which could put an individual at risk for a heart attack or stroke. Lower MPVs indicate smaller platelets, meaning the person is at risk for a bleeding disorder.

Chemistry / Metabolic Panel

1. Liver Function Tests

Liver function tests are used to detect liver damage or disease. Combinations of up to five tests are measured at the same time on a blood sample. These are selected from:

• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) – an enzyme mainly found in the liver; the best test for detecting hepatitis
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) – an enzyme related to the bile ducts; often increased when they are blocked
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) – an enzyme found in the liver and a few other places, particularly the heart and other muscles in the body
• Total bilirubin – measures all the yellow bilirubin pigment in the blood. Another test, direct bilirubin, measures a form made in the liver and is often requested with total bilirubin in infants with jaundice
• Albumin – measures the main protein made by the liver and tells how well the liver is making this protein
• Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) - an enzyme found mainly in the liver and is a useful marker for detecting bile duct problems
• Total protein - measures albumin and all other proteins in blood, including antibodies made to help fight off infections.

ALT (alanine aminotransferase)

Healthy range: 8 to 37 IU/L. This test looks at levels of the liver enzyme ALT. When all’s well with your liver, your score on this test should be within range. Anything higher may indicate liver damage.

Albumin

Healthy range: 3.9 to 5.0 g/dLA protein made by the liver, albumin levels can be an indicator of liver or kidney problems.

A/G ratio (albumin/globulin ratio) or total protein test

Healthy ratio: a bit over 1, favouring albumin. There are two types of protein in your blood — albumin (see above) and globulin. The A/G ratio test compares levels of these proteins with one another. Elevated protein levels could indicate a health condition in need of attention.

Alkaline phosphatase

Healthy range: 44 to 147 IU/L. This enzyme is involved in both liver and bone, so elevations may indicate problems with the liver or bone-related disease.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase)

Healthy range: 10 to 34 IU/L. This enzyme is found in heart and liver tissue, so elevations suggest problems may be occurring in one or both of those areas.

Bilirubin

Healthy range: 0.1 to 1.9 mg/dL. This provides information about liver and kidney functions, problems in bile ducts, and anemia.

2. Kidney Function Tests

BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

Healthy range: 10 to 20 mg/dL. This is another measure of kidney and liver functions. High values may indicate a problem with kidney function. A number of medications and a diet high in protein can also raise BUN levels.

BUN/creatinine ratio

Healthy ratio of BUN to creatinine: 10:1 to 20:1 (men and older individuals may be a bit higher). This test shows if kidneys are eliminating waste properly. High levels of creatinine, a by-product of muscle contractions, are excreted through the kidneys and suggest reduced kidney function.

Creatinine

Healthy range: 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for women; 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL for men (the elderly may be slightly lower). The kidneys process this waste product, so elevations could indicate a problem with kidney function.

3. Pancreas Test

Fasting glucose (blood sugar)

Healthy range: 70 to 99 mg/dL for the average adult (the elderly tend to score higher even when they are healthy)

Blood sugar levels can be affected by food or beverages you have ingested recently, your current stress levels, medications you may be taking, and the time of day. The fasting blood sugar test is done after at least six hours without food or drink other than water.

HbA1c glycosylated HB

A blood test can measure the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin in the blood. Glucose molecules in the blood normally become stuck to hemoglobin molecules - this means the hemoglobin has become glycosylated (also referred to as hemoglobin A1c, or HbA1c). As a person's blood sugar becomes higher, more of the person's hemoglobin becomes glycosylated. The glucose remains attached to the hemoglobin for the life of the red blood cell, or about 2 to 3 months.
The glycosylated hemoglobin test shows what a person's average blood glucose level was for the 2 to 3 months before the test.

A normal HbA1C is below 6% (42mmol/mol) a prediabetes is between 6% to 6.4% (42 to47mmol/mol) and Diabetes is 6.5% or over (48mmol/mol or over)

Essential Mineral Panel

Phosphorus

Healthy range: 2.4 to 4.1 mg/dLPhosphorus plays an important role in bone health and is related to calcium levels. Too much phosphorus could indicate a problem with kidneys or the parathyroid gland. Alcohol abuse, long-term antacid use, excessive intake of diuretics or vitamin D, and malnutrition can also elevate phosphorus levels.

Potassium

Healthy range: 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L

This mineral is essential for relaying nerve impulses, maintaining proper muscle functions, and regulating heartbeats. Diuretics, drugs that are often taken for high blood pressure, can cause low levels of potassium.

Sodium

Healthy range: 135 to 145 mEq/L

Another member of the electrolyte family, the mineral sodium, helps your body balance water levels and helps with nerve impulses and muscle contractions. Irregularities in sodium levels may indicate dehydration, disorders of the adrenal glands, excessive intake of salt, corticosteroids, or pain-relieving medications; or problems with the liver or kidneys.

Calcium

Healthy range: 9.0 to 10.5 mg/dL (the elderly typically score a bit lower)

Too much calcium in the bloodstream could indicate kidney problems, overly active thyroid or parathyroid glands, certain types of cancer including lymphoma, problems with the pancreas, or a deficiency of vitamin D.

Chloride

Healthy range: 98 to 106 mEq/L

This mineral is often measured as part of an electrolyte panel. A high-salt diet and/or certain medications are often responsible for elevations in chloride. Excess chloride may indicate an overly acidic environment in the body. It could also be a red flag for dehydration, multiple myeloma, kidney disorders or adrenal gland dysfunction.

Lipid Panel (or Lipid Profile)

The lipid panel is a collection of tests measuring different types of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in the bloodstream. It is very important that the patient fasts 12 to 14 hours after eating a low fat meal before testing. Dietary intake for two weeks before testing will affect results. It is suggested that the patient eat a normal diet for at least one week before testing.

Total cholesterol

Cholesterol is required for the production of steroids, sex hormones, bile acids, vitamin D and cellular membranes. The liver metabolises the cholesterol to its free form, and cholesterol is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins.

Cholesterol testing is used to determine the risk for CHD and for the evaluation of hyperlipidemias.

The liver is required to metabolise ingested cholesterol products; subnormal cholesterol levels are indicative of severe liver diseases.

Most of the cholesterol we eat comes from foods of animal origin. Our main source of cholesterol is our diet; malnutrition is also associated with low cholesterol levels.

General rules (best to worst):

• Healthy below 200 mg/dL (below 5.18 mmol/L)
• Borderline high 200 to 239 mg/dL (5.2 to 6.2 mmol/L)
• High Above 240 mg/dL (above 6.2 mmol/L).

Cause of high cholesterol levels:

• Familial hypercholesterolemia
• Familial hyerlipidemia
• Hypothyroidism
• Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Pregnancy
• High-cholesterol diet
• Xanthomatosis
• Hypertension
• Myocardial infarction
• Atherosclerosis
• Biliary cirrhosis
• Extrahepatic biliary
• Stress
• Nephrotic syndrome.

Cause of decreased cholesterol levels:

• Malabsorption
• Malnutrition
• Advanced cancer
• Hyperthyroidism
• Cholesterol-lowering medication
• Pernicious anemia
• Hemolytic anemia
• Sepsis/stress
• Liver disease
• Acute myocardial infarction.

This test measures combined levels of both LDL (bad) and HDL (good) cholesterol. The test may be done simply to record an individual’s cholesterol levels or for comparison purposes

Triglycerides

Healthy range: 40 to 160 mg/dL

These fats are found in the bloodstream and may contribute to heart disease and other health problems.

High triglyceride levels are a sign of inflammation and high carbohydrate diet.

HDL (Good) cholesterol

General rules:

• Best above 60 mg/dL
• Good 50 to 60 mg/dL
• Poor Below 40 mg/dL for men; below 50 mg/dL for women

Also known as good cholesterol, HDL (high-density lipoprotein) protects against heart disease. Low scores are risk factors for heart disease.

LDL (Bad) cholesterol

General rules (best to worst):

• Optimal below 100 mg/dL
• Near optimal 100 to 129 mg/dL
• Borderline high 130 to 159 mg/dL
• High 160 to 189 mg/dL
• Very high above 189 mg/dL

Also known as bad cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is the substance that clogs arteries and is linked to heart disease.

Total cholesterol/HDL ratio

• American Heart Association guidelines: Optimal ratio of 3.5 to 1, healthy ratio of 5 to 1 or lower

This ratio is another way of checking your risk of heart disease. It is determined by dividing your HDL cholesterol level into total cholesterol. But don’t worry about the math — the lab normally does the calculation, so your doctor will simply tell you what the ratio is.

Important to note: A high cholesterol has been shown to be associated with a lower cancer risk and a low cholesterol increases the incidence and risk of cancer. Although elevated cholesterol level is associated with Atherosclerosis recent rsearch has shown that total inflammation is the causing factor. Cholesterol is an unfortunate bystander at the scene of the crime.

Inflammation Markers

C-Reactive protein

CRP is a non-specific acute-phase reactant protein used to indicate an inflammatory illness (rheumatoid arthritis), chronic inflammation and bacterial infectious diseases.

Elevated CRP levels are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease.

It is also elevated when there is tissue necrosis, malignancies and autoimmune disorders.

CRP tests may also be used postoperatively to detect wound infections. CRP levels increase 4-6 hours after surgery and generally begin to decrease after the third postoperative day. Failure of the levels to fall is an indicator of complications, such as pulmonary infarction.

Optimal levels are: women smaller than 1mg/l; men smaller than 0.5 mg/l

As a general rule, mild inflammatory stimuli, such as viral infections, are associated with CRP levels of 10-40mg/L. More serious conditions, such as bacterial infections or active connective tissue diseases, can be associated with levels of 50-200mg/L.Levels of greater than 200-300mg/L are typically seen in the setting of severe conditions or injury such as sepsis or burns. 

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

The ESR is an easy, inexpensive, non-specific test that has been used for many years to help diagnose conditions associated with acute and chronic (that is, short or long duration) inflammation, including infections, cancers and autoimmune diseases. It is a measurement of the rate at which the RBCs settle in saline solution or plasma over a specified time period. ESR is said to be non-specific because increases do not tell exactly where the inflammation is in the body or what is causing it, and also because it can be affected by other conditions besides inflammation. An elevated ESR may be due to events that occurred weeks to months previously and may have resolved at the time of measurement. For this reason, an ESR is typically used in conjunction with other tests.

The ESR is helpful in diagnosing two specific inflammatory diseases, temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. A high ESR is one of the main test results used to confirm the diagnosis. It is also used to monitor disease activity and response to therapy in both of these diseases.

Men 0-22 mm/hr and women 0-29 mm/hr. The upper threshold may vary from one medical practice to another.

Marked elevation of ESR (greater than 100mm/hr), on the other hand, is almost always significant. In patients with an ESR greater than 100mm/hr, a significant diagnosis will be made in over 90% of cases.

Cytokine Inflammation Marker Test

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a molecule that is produced by a range of cells and plays a central role in the immune system, especially by inducing inflammatory responses to injury and infection. IL-6 is also known as a "cytokine", which is a signaling protein that is secreted by the cells in the nervous system and other systems and functions in intracellular communication. IL-6 can be secreted by many different cells including fibroblasts, monoctyes, macrophages, T-cells and some tumour cells.

IL-6 testing is used to aid in the diagnosis of various autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, in the diagnosis of organ transplant rejection, and in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis or systemic lupus erythematosus.

Homocysteine

Homocysteine is a chemical in the blood that is produced when an amino acid (a building block of protein) called methionine is broken down in the body. We all have some homocysteine in our blood. Elevated homocysteine levels (also called hyperhomocysteinemia) may cause irritation of the blood vessels. Elevated levels of homocysteine show an increased risk for hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), which could eventually result in a heart attack and/or stroke, and blood clots in the veins (venous thrombosis).

Because elevated homocysteine levels are associated with vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, this is a reasonable test to use for the detection and surveillance of malnutrition as well as genetic impairment of MTHFR, MTR genes.

It is metabolised by two major pathways: remethylation and trans-sulfuration.

Increased levels

Some people have elevated homocysteine levels caused by a deficiency of B vitamins and folate in their diets. High homocysteine levels are also seen in people with cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, cystinuria, vitamin B6 or B12 deficiency, folate deficiency and malnutrition, low levels of thyroid hormones, psoriasis, and with certain medications (such as antiepileptic drugs and methotrexate). It has been recognised that some people have a common genetic variant (called methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, abbreviated MTHFR) that impairs their ability to process folate. This defective gene leads to elevated levels of homocysteine in some people who inherit MTHFR variants from both parents.

Decreased levels

Down syndrome and hyperthyroidism.

The optimal range for homocysteine is 5-8 mmol/l and not 5-15 mmol/l as often indicated on pathology reports.

Under 4 mmol/l is considered over methylation which can happen with CBS polymorphism or high doses of 5-THF.

Over 9 mmol/l is a sign of under methylation which can happen with MTHFR polymorphism, deficiencies of 5-THF, inflammation.

Ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte counts

One routinely available marker of the systemic inflammatory response is the neutrophil- lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which is derived from the absolute neutrophil and absolute lymphocyte counts of a full blood count. It is calculated by dividing the number of neutrophils by number of lymphocytes.

A high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been reported to be a poor prognostic indicator in several malignancies.
Neutrophilia (higher than normal count of Neutrophils) as an inflammatory response inhibits the immune system by suppressing the cytolytic activity of immune cells such as lymphocytes, activated T cells, and natural killer cells.The importance of lymphocytes has been highlighted in several studies in which increasing infiltration of tumors with lymphocytes has been associated with better response to cytotoxic treatment and prognosis in cancer patients. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines can be produced by both the tumor and associated host cells such as leukocytes and contribute to malignant progression.

Over 60 studies (>37,000 patients) have examined NLR to predict patient outcomes in a variety of cancers.

It should be noted that although the NLR is easy to measure, its utility as a marker of systemic inflammation may be affected by many conditions, including coronary disease, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory diseases and any medication related to inflammatory conditions, significant stress, infections and chemotherapy.

With regard to the threshold defining an elevated NLR, it ranged between >3 and >5 in most studies.

In summary, a high NLR is associated with adverse survival in many solid tumors.

Galactin 3

Elevated levels of galectin-3 have been shown to play a particularly significant role in promoting inflammation and fibrosis in a wide range of acute as well as chronic conditions. These include immune and inflammatory responses, neurological degeneration, autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis and heart failure, diabetes, wound repair, response to infection, lung, kidney and liver disease, and many other conditions. Galectin-3 overexpression has been shown to be a significant promoter of tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastatic progression.

Levels above 17.8 are considered to be an extreme risk factor.

Levels between 14.0 and 17.8 are considered to be a high risk factor.

Levels below 14 are considered ideal.

Recommendation of Laboratories offering pathology testing:

Unfortunately not all of the Labs mentioned below are operating worldwide. Please do your personal research.

1. LifeExtension (www.lifeExtension.com)

Chemistry Panel & Complete Blood Count contains fasting glucose, kidney function, electrolytes and minerals, liver function, lipid profile, complete blood count.  Cost $35-$47 (depending on sales price) Healthy Aging panel (Comprehensive) contains thyroid hormone panel, Vitamin B12, folate, vitamin D, fibrinogen, Homocysteine, Hs CRP, HbA1c, glucose, insulin, ferritin, complete metabolic panel with lipids, complete blood count, urinalysis.Cost $249 - $332 (depending on sales price) Galactin-3 cost $90 - $120 (depending on sales price) 

2. Direct Labs (www.directlabs.com)

Comprehensive Wellness Profile (CWP) contains lipid profile, complete blood count, fluids and electrolytes, TSH, Liver function, kidney function, glucose, vitamin D. Cost $105 Many tests can be separately ordered at both labs.

Functional Testing

Gastrointestinal Tract Tests:

1. Comprehensive Stool Analysis

Gastrointestinal function is important for general health. The intestinal tract contains significant amounts of bacteria - some beneficial, some neutral and some harmful. Balancing beneficial microbial flora in the gut is key in digestion, nutrient usage, and ridding the body of waste and pathogens. Poor digestion and malabsorption can lead to immune dysfunction, nutritional insufficiencies, mental/emotional disorders and autoimmune diseases.

Anaerobes

Anaerobes, making up over 95 percent of microbiota in the gut, can be identified and quantified using GI Effects.

Parasites

Detects parasites in the smallest concentration per specimen - 5 cells per gram.

Adiposity index

Measure imbalances of the two predominant bacterial groups in the human GI tract, bacteroidetes and firmicutes, which can lead to obesity.

Drug resistance genes

Identifies drug resistant genes to help with patient treatment and health maintenance.

Absorption

Indicates absorption issues with elevated levels of long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, or total fat (the sum of gut lipids).

Inflammation

Lactoferrin is a marker of acute inflammation. It helps differentiate IBD from IBS.

Sensitivities

Pharmaceutical and botanical sensitivities widen treatment options.

Microorganisms in the GI tract perform a host of useful functions, such as fermenting unused energy substances, communicating with the immune system, preventing growth of harmful species, regulating the development of the gut, producing vitamins for the host (such as biotin and vitamin K), and producing hormones to direct the host to store fats.

Intestinal microflora are also thought to have many beneficial local and systemic roles such as improving lactose tolerance, supplying short chain fatty acids (SCFA) as an energy substrate for the host, anti-tumour properties, neutralising certain toxins, stimulating the intestinal immune system, reducing blood lipid levels and preventing obesity and type II diabetes.

Under normal homeostatic conditions, the intestinal microflora are of central importance in preventing colonisation by pathogens, termed ‘colonisation resistance’.

Predominant organisms are considered to be beneficial when they are in balance.

When to do a comprehensive stool analysis:

Suspect:

1. Inadequate physical and immune barrier functions

• Food sensitivities/leaky gut syndrome (elevated IgG)
• Low intestinal secretory IgA
• Gluten intolerance/celiac disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Decreased colonic short-chain fatty acids (cancer- preventive)
• Parasites
• Bacteria
• Pathogens.

2. Medication history

• Antibiotics
• NSAIDs
• Antacids, proton pump inhibitors and acid-blockers.

3. Inadequate digestive and absorptive function

• Hypochlorhydria
• Pancreatic insufficiency
• Intestinal inflammation
• Rapid transit time
• Nutrient insufficiencies
• Diet high in red meat, saturated fat or refined carbohydrates.

Analytes in the Comprehensive Stool test by Metametrix/ Genova

PREDOMINANT BACTERIA

• Obligate anaerobes
• Bacteroides sp.
• Clostridia sp.
• Prevotella sp.
• Fusobacteria sp.
• Streptomyces sp.
• Mycoplasma sp.
• Facultative anaerobes
• Lactobacillus sp.
• Bifidobacter sp.
• Obligate aerobes
• Escherichia coli.

OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIA

• Aerobes
• Achromobacter/alcaligenes sp.
• Aeromonas sp.
• Bacillus sp.
• Citrobacter sp.
• Enterobacter sp.
• Klebsiella oxytoca
• Klebsiella pneumonia
• Morganella margin
• Psuedomonas sp.
• Salmonella sp.
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Vibrio sp.
• Yersinia sp.

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

• Helicobacter pylori
• Clostridium difficult
• Campylobacter sp.
• Enterohemorrhagic Eschericia coli (EHEC).

YEAST/FUNGI

• Candida sp.
• Geotrichum sp.
• Rhodotorula
• Saccharomyces sp.

PARASITOLOGY

• Parasitic protozoans
• Blastocystis hominis
• Cryptosporidium species
• Dientamoeba fragile
• Endomilax nana
• Entamoeba sp.
• Giardia sp.
• Giardia lamblia
• Trichomonas hominis
• Parasitic worms
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Clonorchis saneness
• Enterobius vermicularis
• Necator americanus
• Schistosoma mansion
• Strogyloides sp.
• Taenia solium
• Trichuris species.

ADIPOSITY INDEX

• Firmicutes
• Bacteroidetes.

DRUG RESISTANCE GENES

•  aacA, aphD
• meAc
• vanA, vanB, vanC
• gyrB, ParE
• PBP1a, PBP2B.

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA)

• n-Butyrate
• Acetate %
• Butyrate %
• Propionate %
• Valerate %

INFLAMMATION

• Lactoferrin
• WBCs
• Mucus.

IMMUNOLOGY

• Fecal sIgA.

ADDITIONAL TESTS

• Ph
• RBCs
• Colour.

DIGESTION

• Elastase1
• Triglycerides
• Putrefactive SCFA
• Vegetable fibres.

ABSORPTION

• Long chain fatty acids (LCFA)
• Total fat
• Cholesterol.

SENSITIVITY TESTING

• Botanical sensitivities
• Pharmaceutical sensitivities.

Recommended Laboratory:Direct Labs (www.directlabs.com) CDSA- Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis - Genova Kit with parasitology  $633 (July 2017)Description:
This test is a more comprehensive test that checks digestion, absorption, gut flora (tiny microorganisms that live in the stomach), immune system of the stomach, metabolic and microbiological markers, several bacterial strains, and the colon environment. This profile is indicated for all continuing gastrointestinal problems, for severe bowel pattern changes, and for many universal diseases and provides a sensitivity panel for treating disease causing microorganisms.Additionally, this test offers a parasitology component with the CDSA test that looks for parasites using microscopic examination and EIA (enzyme immunoassay-uses antibodies and color change to identify a substance) testing.  CDSA- Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis - Genova Kit  $ 406 (July 2017)Description:
The Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis (CDSA) is the original noninvasive assessment of gastrointestinal function that includes digestion, absorption, bacterial balance, metabolism, yeast and immune status for patients with general GI-related symptoms, such as indigestion, microbial imbalance, constipation, and diarrhea.

2. SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth) Breath Test

SIBO is a bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine that causes hydrogen, methane and/or hydrogen sulphide gas production. These gases cause damage to the absorptive surface of the small intestine - the ability of the body to absorb nutrients from food. The absorptive surface of the small intestine is likened to a shaggy carpet, with finger-like protrusions called villi.  The surface of the villi contain microvilli which act as the interface of absorption—microvilli secrete enzymes called “brush border enzymes” which break starches into single molecules, proteins into single amino acids so these can be absorbed.

SIBO can result in malabsorption of monosaccharides and amino acids (carbohydrates and proteins), fermentation of disaccharides by bacteria causing hydrogen, methane and hydrogen sulphate gasses, malabsorption of vitamins (especially B12 and Folic acid), malabsorption of minerals (especially, magnesium, iron, and calcium).

The overgrowth of bacteria in the normally sterile environment of the small intestine causes symptoms such as bloating, constipation, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea. The bacterial infections of the small intestine can be easily assessed by testing for the presence of hydrogen and methane in exhaled air.

3. Intestinal Permeability (IP) 

The Intestinal Permeability (IP) test, also referred to as a “leaky gut” test, is a precise and non-invasive method for assessing gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. Damage to the lining of the gastrointestinal tract (small and large intestine) is common in people with conditions such as food sensitivity and food allergy, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn’s disease, arthritis, coeliac disease and dermatological conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and acne.

The lining of the gut wall is often subjected to a wide variety of insults from substances such as alcohol, caffeine, spices, medicines and environmental chemicals. The impact of chronic stress may also affect the permeability of the gut wall over time. Correcting the altered permeability may have an immediate effect on the relief of symptoms and facilitate the gradual improvement in the underlying condition.

The IP is a challenge test using Lactulose and Mannitol.

4. Organic Acid Test

The organic acid test (OAT) is a great test that provides an accurate evaluation of intestinal yeast and bacteria. See full details and explanation of the OAT under specialized tests.

Recommended Laboratories:1. Gut- Chek (www.metsol.com)SIBO test (hydrogen breath test) $129 (July 2017) 2. Gastrolab (gastrolab.com.au) AustraliaSIBO test (hydrogen breath test) including Lactulose test $235Fructose (hydrogen breath test) for IBSSorbitol (hydrogen breath test) for IBSSucrose (hydrogen breath test) for IBSMannitol (hydrogen breath test) For IBS 3. Quintron (breathtests.com/patientstore.html) USASIBO test(hydrogen breath test) $195- $175 (depending on sales price)Fructose Intolerance / malabsorption (hydrogen breath test) $130 (July 2017)Lactose Intolerances / malabsorption (hydrogen breath test) $130 (July 2017)Sucrose Intolerance / Deficiency (hydrogen breath test) $130 (July 2017) 4. The Great Plains Laboratory (https://www.greatplainslaboratory.com) WorldwideOrganic Acid Test (OAT) 

5. Leaky Gut test

Intestinal Permeability test or lactulose and mannitol urine test

Genova Diagnostic https://www.gdx.net/product/intestinal-permeability-assessment-urine (no patient ordering) or  Nutripath (no patient ordering)

True Health Lab https://www.truehealthlabs.com/Leaky-Gut-Test-Lactulose-Mannitol-p/gen_intestinal_perm_assess.htm (patient ordering possible) $179 (Oct.18)

Toxicity Tests

1. Heavy Metal Challenging Test

Assessing heavy metal levels in an individual can be quite tricky. In chronic heavy metal toxicity, heavy metals don't reside in the blood but rather deposit themselves into the various organs and tissues outside the blood vessels. Therefore, obtaining a blood level of heavy metals is usually useless and misleading. Any physician that obtains blood levels to assess possible chronic heavy metal toxicity has little or no experience.

Analysis of the levels of toxic metals in urine after the administration of a metal detoxification agent is an objective way to evaluate the accumulation of toxic metals. Acute metal poisoning is rare. More common, however, is a chronic, low-level exposure to toxic metals that can result in significant retention in the body that can be associated with a vast array of adverse health effects and chronic disease. One cannot draw valid conclusions about adverse health effects of metals without assessing net retention. For an individual, toxicity occurs when net retention exceeds physiological tolerance. Net retention is determined by the difference between the rates of assimilation and excretion of metals. To evaluate net retention, one compares the levels of metals in urine before and after the administration of a pharmaceutical metal detoxification agent such as EDTA, DMSA or DMPS. Different compounds have different affinities for specific metals, but all function by sequestering "hidden" metals from deep tissue stores and mobilizing the metals to the kidneys for excretion in the urine. Guidelines for collection periods after administration of the most commonly utilized agents are provided in the table below:

CaEDTA has a half life of around 1 hour, collection period: 6-24 hours

DMPS (IV) has a half life of around 1 hour, collection period: 2-6 hours

DMPS (oral) has a half life of around 9 hours, collection period: 6-9 hours.

DMSA has a half life of around 4 hours, collection period: 6-9 hours

DMPS is poorly absorbed when administered orally. Only 60% is bioavailable when administered by mouth. This is why it is better given as an intravenous push for heavy metal testing.

DMSA has been shown to be an effective chelator of lead and other heavy metals. It is absorbed well when given orally but can cause gastrointestinal upset.

It is important to perform both pre-and post-provocation urinalysis to permit distinction between ongoing exposures to metals (pre-) and net bodily retention.

The heavy metal challenging test should be supervised by an experienced physician.

Possible side effects:

DMSA or DMPS may cause elevated liver enzymes, gastrointestinal upset, skin reactions and neutropenia.  DMPS may cause hypotension if administered intravenously to rapid. EDTA can cause irritation at the site of injection, nephrotoxicity, skin reactions and myalgia.  CaEDTA does not cause hypocalcemia.

Limitations for heavy metal challenging test:

• Different chelating agents have different affinity to certain heavy metals. For example: DMPS has a very high affinity to copper and zinc. Therefore, high levels of these minerals are expected to be present in the urine. If a copper toxicity exists, the DMPS may mask mercury or other heavy metal toxicity. Likewise, high mercury toxicity may mask heavy metals with less affinity to DMPS (nickel, silver, copper, lead, cadmium). So the key to getting an accurate measurement of heavy metals stored in the body is using the right chelator.
• The challenging test can release stored toxins and therefore increase heavy metal toxicity symptoms.
• DMPS appears in the saliva and dissolves the surfaces of existing amalgam fillings. Therefore the DMPS challenging test should not be given to any patient with amalgam fillings.
• Liver and kidney need to function properly before administering this test.
• A chelator binds minerals from the body as well as metals. Therefore it is necessary to replace minerals after a challenge test.

Heavy metal challenging test is available by: Doctor's Data,Great Plains Laboratory, Genova Diagnostics, Metametrix Clinical Laboratory, and Micro Trace Minerals GmbH (Hersbruck, Germany).

2. Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis

Hair tissue mineral analysis (HTMA), is an analytical test which measures the mineral content of the hair. The sampled hair, obtained by cutting the first inch and one-half of growth closest to the scalp at the nape of the neck, is prepared in a licensed clinical laboratory through a series of chemical and high temperature digestive procedures. Testing is then performed using highly sophisticated detection equipment and methods to achieve the most accurate and precise results.

Providing a mineral blueprint of one's biochemistry, a hair tissue mineral analysis can provide pertinent information about one's metabolic rate, energy levels, sugar and carbohydrate tolerance, stage of stress, immune system, glandular activity and toxicity.

A hair tissue mineral analysis is considered a standard test used around the world for the biological monitoring of trace elements and toxic metals in human and animal species.

Hair, like all other body tissues, contains minerals that are deposited as the hair grows. Although the hair is dead, the minerals remain as the hair continues to grow out. A sample of hair cut close to the scalp provides information about the mineral activity in the hair that took place over the past three to four months, depending on the rate of hair growth.

• The hair measures a different body compartment than the blood or urine.  Each has its own metabolism
• The blood is maintained at the expense of tissues such as the hair.  This means the hair will change first, often years before the blood.
• The blood is far more buffered.  It has to be because it touches every cell.  Large variations in mineral levels here would be fatal.  This is not the case with hair
• The hair is a storage organ and, to some degree, an excretory tissue. The blood is a transport medium
• Blood, urine and saliva provide short-term or even instantaneous readings, whereas a hair test provides a 3-month average or a longer-term reading
• Homeostatic mechanisms at work in the blood, such as buffering of pH and osmotic balance, are extremely different from homeostatic mechanisms at work in the tissues and at the cellular level in the hair.

For example, one imbalance, such as the copper/zinc ratio, can affect hormone relationships, enzyme reactions and many other processes in the body.

Copper and zinc levels respond to - AND affect - the estrogen/progesterone balance of both men and women, for example. Copper tends to be higher in the presence of more estrogen; zinc tends to be high in the presence of higher progesterone. Conversely, more copper will tend to increase the body's estrogen level and more zinc tends to increase progesterone production.

However, even if there has been an exposure to mercury or other heavy metals, it may be that little to none of these toxins show up in the report.

No hair analysis of toxic metals can show total body burden of any toxic metal because the body stores most of the mercury, lead, etc. in places away from the main flow of blood circulation! It does this to protect the body from the physical damage that would result if all the toxic metals were circuiting in the blood stream.

A skilled interpretation of the hair analysis test can determine if toxic metals are stored in the body because some toxic elements are analogous to nutrient minerals. If the body is low on certain minerals, it will incorporate structurally similar heavy metals in their place.

For example, the structural make up of lead is very similar to calcium. If calcium is lacking in the bones for example, lead will be drawn to the bones in its place. A lack of selenium can facilitate more mercury absorption into certain tissues.

Limitations for Hair Analysis testing method summary: Does not represent total body burden. The levels of toxic metals will be influenced by an individual’s ability to excrete toxins efficiently. Hair is also subject to external contamination, particularly from hair products such as bleaches, perms, or dyes. Therefore, hair treated within the past two months will not provide accurate information. Also, with very recent toxic exposure, the test will not show the element present.

Recommendation of good labs are:

Analytical Research Labs is the only one we know off who is not washing the hair with chemicals before testing. This seems to give a higher accuracy to the test results. http://www.drlwilson.com/articles/hair_analysis_controversy.htm

Both labs include a detailed interpretation of the test results.

Analytical Research Labs, Inc. · 2225 W. Alice Avenue - Phoenix, Arizona 85021

1-602-995-1580 Phone Number               1-800-528-4067 Toll-Free Phone Number

Trace Elements, Incorporated. 4501 Sunbelt Drive, Addison, Texas 75001

Toll Free 1 (800) 824-2314      Phone: (972) 250-6410      Fax: (972) 248-4896

3. Urine test

This test involves collecting urine and testing the concentration of heavy metal ions.

The test gives a reasonably accurate indication of recent exposure and long term exposure of a few heavy metals (listed below). It would also indicate if the person is still currently exposed to heavy metals.

Limitations: 

If there has been no recent exposure, it can show up with a very low or negative result, even though there could be elevated levels of heavy metals in the body. This is because some heavy metals are more easily excreted via the kidneys than others. Lead and methyl mercury are bound to protein structures in the body and therefore don’t show up in urine tests.

Thus, only look at the following heavy metals in urine tests:

• Cadmium: Urinary cadmium is the best indicator of long-term exposure.  Cadmium is concentrated in the kidneys and urinary levels represent cumulative cadmium exposure over the long term
• Arsenic: Urinary arsenic is the best indicator of recent exposure, as 80% is excreted in urine after 3 days.
• Urinary mercury is the best indicator of inorganic and elemental mercury exposure and kidney burden.

4. Whole blood test

This test examines the heavy metal concentrations inside red and white blood cells, but does not check the heavy metal levels in the fluid surrounding the cells (plasma). As blood cells live up to 120 days the level of heavy metal found reflects exposure/blood levels over the last 120 days.

Limitations: 

Not all heavy metals have an affinity to bind with red blood cells. Some heavy metals prefer to adhere to tissues in the kidneys or bone structures throughout the body. Therefore, those that do not have a high affinity with red blood cells will only be elevated if there has been very recent exposure or the body is extremely toxic.

The heavy metals that do have an affinity with red blood cells are:

• Lead: Whole blood is the best indicator of lead status. Around 95% of lead is bound to red blood cells, while the rest binds to bone and other protein structures.
• Mercury: Whole blood is the best indicator of organic (methyl or ethyl) mercury exposure with 70-95% bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Blood is however not a good indicator of inorganic or elemental mercury levels.
• Cadmium: Whole blood cadmium levels reflect recent exposure within the last 50 days, but not overall toxicity levels.

5. Blood plasma test

This test examines the Heavy metal concentration of the fluid surrounding red and white blood cells. The main reason to conduct this test is if liver or kidney damage is present, as urinary excretion will not be accurate or give false readings. In this case, plasma testing can replace this. However, It will only show recent exposure or severe toxicity.

Limitations:

Blood plasma testing will not show stores in the body or long-term exposure unless every other tissue is over saturated and toxicity levels are very high. Most heavy metals are bound to another molecule and either stick around in the body or are quickly excreted via the urine.

6. Fecal Metal Test

This analysis of toxic elements provides information about the potential for toxic metal burden. For many toxic metals, fecal biliary excretion is the primary natural route of elimination from the body. This route of excretion may cause aggravations in those people with compromised G.I. or colon function. Fecal elemental analysis also provides a direct indication of dietary exposure to toxic metals. The primary process by which the body eliminates the insidious sulfhydryl reactive metals is through the formation of metal-glutathione complexes, of which greater than 90% are excreted into the bile. Evidence for the extent of exposure to mercury from dental amalgams is provided by the fact that fecal mercury levels are highly correlated with the number of amalgams in the mouth. Fecal mercury levels for people with dental amalgams are remarkably similar from day to day, and approximately ten times higher than in people who do not have mercury amalgams. Fecal metals are normally at very low levels unless a provocative agent is given.

Specimen collection is convenient for the patient and only requires a single-step procedure.

Limitations for Fecal testing methods: Does not represent the total body burden. The end point of detox will be difficult to achieve as reabsorption occurs often with the infrequency of bowel movements compared to the rate of exposure of heavy metals.

7. Mercury Tri- Test by Quicksilver Scientific 

(best test for mercury and other heavy metals in my opinion)

Quicksilver scientific utilizes a combination of 3 tests to examine mercury as well as tests for all other heavy metals in whole blood. The Tri test for mercury looks at samples of hair, whole blood and urine to assess for the body’s mercury burden and its ability to eliminate it. By combing the results of all three markers, we are bypassing the limitations of each test and thereby get a much more thorough and complete picture of  Mercury levels. The Blood metals give us a further snapshot of other metal burdens. Although there are limitations to testing all other heavy metals in blood it is a great starting point.

Quicksilver scientific currently hold the patent for the mercury tri-test and all third party providers send their test samples to Quicksilver Scientific in the USA for testing. Certain states in the USA are able to order this test directly, everyone else must order through an accredited practitioner.

Quicksilver Scientific (https://www.quicksilverscientific.com/all-products/mercury-test-kit) $350

It is important to understand that there is NO test that can show accurately total amount of any toxic metal in your body!

Recommended Laboratories:1. The Great Plain Laboratory (https://www.greatplainslaboratory.com)GPL-TOX Toxic non-metal chemical profile testEnvironmental pollutants tested by GPL-TOX are: Phthalates, Vinyl Chloride, Benzene, Pyrethrins, Xylenes, Styrenes, Organophospates, MTBE and ETBE, 2, 4-Dicholorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D), Diphenyl Phosphate, Acrylamide, Perchlorate, 1,3 Butadiene, Propylene Oxide, 1-Bromopropane (1-BP), Ethylene Oxide, AcrylonitrileGlyphosate testGlyphosate is the world’s most widely produced herbicide and is the primary toxic chemical in Roundup™, as well as in many other herbicides. Chelating Metal Urine testAnalysis of the levels of toxic metals in urine after the administration of a metal detoxification agent such as EDTA, DMPS, DMSA (detoxification agents need to be prescribed by a physician) Metals Fecal TestAnalysis of toxic elements in feces.

2. LifeExtension

Toxic Metals Panel (Fecal) $170 (2019)

Heavy Metals in Blood $179 (2019)

3. Direct Labs https://www.directlabs.com/

Toxic & Essential Elements 24 Hour Urine Collection-Doctor's Data Kit  $189 (2019)

Detoxification Tests

1. Functional Liver Detoxification Profile

The functional liver detoxification profile (FLDP) challenges the liver’s phase I and phase II detoxification capacity with low doses of caffeine, aspirin and paracetamol. Saliva and urine specimens, collected at timed intervals, are then analysed for metabolites of the three compounds to determine the efficiency of the liver in their conversion and clearance from the body.

Phase I reactions utilise the cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzymes. The primary function of these enzymes is to oxidise endogenous and exogenous chemicals for excretion. This provides a mechanism of protection from a wide variety of toxins.

Phase I is followed by an intermediate phase where oxygen-free radicals may be generated in substantial quantities, which in some instances may change harmless compounds into potentially toxic substances.

Phase II reactions involve the addition of a small polar molecule to the substance, a conjugation step that may or may not be preceded by phase I. Several types of conjugation reactions occur in the body, including glutathionation, sulphation, glucuronidation and glycination.

The results of an FLDP will support accurate identification of the individual’s detoxification profile and assist in the direction of treatment. The FLDP may particularly provide valuable information in the management of patients who suffer from food allergies, multiple chemical sensitivities, chronic fatigue syndrome, ‘leaky gut’ and hormonal imbalance, e.g. premenstrual syndrome and menopausal symptoms.

However the test uses drugs to determine the liver status. For anyone with compromised liver function this test can negatively impact the already existing detoxification problem. 

However the test uses drugs to determine the liver status. For anyone with compromised liver function this test can negatively impact the already existing detoxification problem. Not a test I would recommend lightly!

2. Hepatic Detox Profile

This test is favoured over the FLDP as it is not using any drugs to establish liver detoxification levels. 

This non-invasive test requires only a single, first morning void (FMV) urine collection. Tested are D-glucaric acid and Mercapturic acid levels. 

One process by which the body eliminates toxins is enzymatic detoxification in the liver. A reliable biomarker for exposure to toxic chemicals is urinary D-glucaric acid. Elevated levels of D-glucaric acid indicate induction of cytochrome P-450 enzymes (phase I) as a result of exposure to many xenobiotics, including pesticides, fungicides, petrochemicals, drugs, toluene, formaldehyde, styrenes and more. Such exposures induce the glucuronic acid enzymatic pathway and production of D-glucaric acid, thus urinary D-glucaric acid is an indirect byproduct of chemical exposure and phase I detoxification reactions. The urinary level of mercapturic acids indicates quantitatively the degree of activity or capability of phase II detoxification. Mercapturic acids are the final excretory products of detoxification and include a variety of functionalized xenobiotics that have been conjugated with glutathione or L-cysteine prior to excretion. Low levels of mercapturic acids are consistent with insufficient levels of glutathione and/or cysteine. When the rate of formation of functionalized xenobiotics (phase I) exceeds the capacity of phase II detoxification, more potent toxins accumulate. Especially important for symptomatic patients or those who have a history of chemical sensitivity, this test does not require the use of hepatotoxic compounds. 

Results are expressed per unit creatinine to normalize for dilution effects, and reference ranges are age and gender specific. 

Direct Labs https://www.directlabs.com/Hepatic Detox profile-doctor's Data Kit $189 (2019) 

3. Genetic Profile test

It is essential for all cells to be able to rid themselves of toxins, whether these toxins come from the environment or from our own cellular activity. Toxins will interfere with cell function, which will lead to the development of many diseases. To be healthy we must be able to remove toxins from the cells and excrete them from the body. However, during the process of detoxification our body actually makes many of these toxins worse and more capable of causing damage.

The first stage of detoxification is performed by phase I enzymes. It is during this stage where toxins become very damaging and a lot of ROS (free radicals) are produced. Phase II enzymes take these very reactive toxins and make them safe and able to be excreted from the body. The worst situation from a detoxification point of view is to have overactive phase I enzymes and underactive phase II enzymes. In this scenario we are making lots of very damaging toxins and free radicals (increased oxidative stress) and are unable to make them safe and excrete them. Genetically, some people have overactive phase I enzymes and underactive phase II enzymes.

The genetic profile tests both phases and can therefore compare the activity of phase I to phase II.

Not all Laboratories offer all of these genes mentioned below. It is the practitioners expertise and decision to choose the ones which are most applicable to the patient and his/her status

Phase 1 Cytochrome 450 enzymes:

CYP1A1, is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that is involved in the Phase 1 detoxification process of eliminating numerous xenobiotics and environmental toxins such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH (cigarette smoke, car exhaust fumes, char grilled meats for example well barbecued meats etc.) as well as chlorinated benzenes (solvents).
CYP1A1 is involved in the metabolism of oestrogen. It catalyse the oxidation of oestrogen to catechol oestrogen’s and oestrogen quinones.

CYP1A2, a cytochrome P450 enzyme that accounts for approximately 95% of caffeine metabolism. Coffee has been reported to predict 4% of the variation in CYP1A2 enzyme activity. CYP1A2 is one of importance in drug-metabolism. Although CYP1A2 is only involved in the metabolism of 5% of commonly prescribed drugs, it participates in the metabolism of 75% of drugs associated with adverse drug reactions.

CYP1B1 a Cytochrome P450 is a phase I enzyme, involved in the activation of a broad spectrum of procarcinogens. An association of the Cyp1B1 L432V polymorphism with diverse types of cancer, has been described. CYP1B1 is highly expressed in several tumour types, including, breast, colon, lung, esophagus, skin, brain, testes, small intestines and uterus. CYP1B1 enzymes preferentially catalyse 4OH at a rate 18-20 fold higher than other CYP450 enzymes.
CYP1B1 has the highest level of expression in breast tissue, but also in the ovaries and uterus.
Functional studies suggest this snp may be associated with increased catalytic activity towards estrogens, resulting in increased production of catechol estrogens and estrogen quinones in breast tissue, and thus, DNA damage.

Phase 2 enzymes:

GSTM1, gene encodes glutathione S-transferase M1, a member of the GST family of enzymes. These enzymes have broad detoxifying abilities against carcinogens, drugs, or other toxins.
Although there are a few SNPs in the GSTM1 gene, the main polymorphism of interest is the null allele - in other words, some individuals are lacking one or even both copies of the GSTM1 gene. Individuals with fewer copies of GSTM1 may be somewhat more prone to allergies, asthma, and certain cancers, especially if they are missing copies of other GST family genes such as GSTP1.

GCLC, is the first rate limiting enzyme for glutathione production.
Glutathione is an endogenous anti-oxidant which plays a major role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), protects cells from oxidative stress, repairs oxidative damage, eliminates lipid peroxidation and detoxifies xenobiotics.

GCLM is the second rate limiting enzyme for glutathione production.
Glutathione is an endogenous anti-oxidant which plays a major role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), protects cells from oxidative stress, repairs oxidative damage, eliminates lipid peroxidation and detoxifies xenobiotics.

GSTP1, Glutathione-S-transferases are a family of Phase II detoxification enzymes that catalyse the conjugation of glutathione to a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous electrophilic compounds.
It helps eliminate intermediate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) produced in the Phase I Detoxification process, xenobiotics, many water soluble solvents, lipid peroxides, pesticides, tobacco smoke, industrial and environmental pollutants, heavy metals and quinone estrogens. GSTP1 converts these substances to water soluble conjugates that can be excreted.

NQ01, Quinone reductase is a detoxification enzyme which is involved in the body's defence system against oxidative stress.
NQ01 helps protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress and toxic oxygen metabolites.
It plays an important role in detoxifying numerous endogenous  and environmental toxins, such as: Organic solvents i.e. benzene, cigarette smoke, and pollution.
NQO1 binds and stabilisers the tumour suppressor p53. NQO1 has been described as an anti-cancer enzyme.

Methylation:

COMT, Catechol-O-methyltransferase is a ubiquitous enzyme found in many organs of the body such as the brian, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, skin, erthrocytes and vascualr cells, and possibly in bone. Is an enzyme responsible for the clearance of catechol compounds such as noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, catechol estrogens. COMT is one of the most important enzymes involved in estrogen metabolism.

MTHFR 677 CT , If MTHFR is impaired it results in a reduced ability to convert folic acid to the active form of folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. This is associated with different diseases and is implicated in the genesis of cancer and neurodevelopment disorders. Higher risk of Alzheimer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, reduced detoxification capability, allergies, nutrient assimilation and absorption, inflammation… Risk of higher Homocysteine levels!
Methyl groups are the body’s messengers and movers and shakers. They join with other compounds to jump-start a reaction such as turning a gene on or activating an enzyme. Emerging research suggests that elevated levels of homocysteine may be a risk factor for cancer.

3. Organic Acid Test

The Organic Acid test contains a component which evaluates Methylation pathways and detoxification sufficiency.

See full details and explanation of the OAT under specialized tests.Recommended Laboratories: 1. Nutripath (no patient ordering)Functional Liver Detoxification Profile 2. Vitality & Wellness Centre (patient ordering) http://www.vitalityandwellness.com.au/Health-Test-Kits-1/functional-liver-detoxification-profile-testFunctional Liver Detoxification Profile AU $161.15 (worldwide service)  Genetic Testing Laboratories 1. 23andme https://www.23andme.comHealth + Ancestry Service $199 (July 2017) The Raw Data of the test needs to be converted using a third party site, otherwise the test won’t tell you anything. Genetic genie is one such third party site, and the free report does not encompass everything tested, but they do cover the most clinically relevant and important genes in two different profiles. Methylation and Detoxification. 2. SmartDNA (Based in Australia) only through practitionerGenomic Wellness Test 3. Fitgenes (Based in Australia) only through certified practitionerNutrigenomics DNA test 4. SpectraCell https://www.spectracell.comMTHFR Genotyping $140 (July 2017) 5. LifeExtension http://www.lifeextension.comMTHFR / COMT Genetic Methylation Profile $149 - $198.66 (depending on sales price) 6. Direct Labs https://www.directlabs.com/DetoxiGenomic Profile-Genova Kit $754 (July 2017)Description:Gauges single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related with increased risk of the body's inability to cleanse itself properly when exposed to environmental toxins. It also pinpoints those possibly vulnerable to adverse drug reactions. 

Allergies and Immunology Tests

1. Immunoglobulins

A quantitative immunoglobulins blood test is ordered when a person has symptoms of an immunoglobulin deficiency such as recurrent infections, especially of the respiratory tract (sinus, lungs, and ears) or gastrointestinal tract, and/or chronic diarrhea.

Immunoglobulins may also be ordered when a person has signs of chronic inflammation or chronic infection, autoimmune disease, allergy, food intolerances and when excess or abnormal immunoglobulin production is suspected. The test may be ordered periodically to monitor the course of a person's condition. Certain types of cancer are known to affect the immunoglobulin levels of the body. In such cases, this test may help in assessing the condition.

IgE (or immunoglobulin E) allergies are immediate responses to a foreign substance that has entered the body. These foreign substances can come from food or inhalation. IgE allergies can cause very serious symptoms like difficulty breathing, swelling, and hives. In even more serious cases IgE reactions can lead to anaphylactic shock. This test measures the blood level of IgE, one of the five subclasses of antibodies.

IgE antibodies are found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. They are associated mainly with allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

Symptoms of allergies may include:

Hives, itchy eyes or nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, tight throat, and trouble breathing.

Symptoms may be seasonal (as with allergies due to pollen or molds) or year-round (as with food allergies). They can range from mild to severe, depending on the person and the allergy.

Drugs that may cause increased immunoglobulin levels include:

• Therapeutic gamma globulin
• Hydralazine, isoniazid (INH)
• Phenytoin (Dilantin)
• Procainamide
• Oral contraceptives
• Methadone
• Dextran
• Steroids
• Tetanus toxoid
• Antitoxin.

What the test results mean:

IgE

• Increased

Allergy reactions (e.g. hay fever, asthma, eczema, anaphylaxis): allergic reactions stimulate the production of IgE antibodies.

Allergic infections (e.g. aspergillosis, parasites).

• Decreased

Agammaglobulinemia: This can be specific for IgE or may include the deficient production of all the immunoglobulins.

IgG

These are antibodies that provide long-term resistance to infections, called Immunoglobulin G (IgG), have a much longer half-life than the traditional IgE allergy. This is where food sensitivities come in because they are much more subtle and most people live with them for years, if not their entire lives. A food sensitivity is an adverse reaction to a food with no antigen- antibody response.

Symptoms of sensitivities and IgG reactions are:

Headache, nausea, seizure, hyperactivity, fatigue, sweating, elevated pulse, bloating, mood changes, foggy mind, concentration problems, dark circles under the eyes.

They may occur hours or even days after the offending food has been ingested. The degree and severity of symptoms vary greatly because of the genetic makeup of the individual.

The complete elimination of IgG positive foods may bring about important improvements in symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, autism, AD (H) D, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, cancer, all degenerative diseases, gut health in general.

• Increased

Polyclonal: Autoimmune diseases ( e.g. SLE, rheumatoid arthritis), sarcoidosis, chronic liver diseases, some parasitic diseases, chronic or recurrent infections.

Monoclonal: Multiple myeloma (IgG type), lymphomas, or other malignancies.

• Decreased

Immunosuppressive therapy, genetic (severe combined immunodeficiency diseases [SCID], Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, common variable immunodeficiency).

Leukemia: IgG production is diminished because the marrow is taken over by tumour cells.

IgM

IgM antibodies are the largest antibodies. They are found in blood and lymph fluid and are the first type of antibody made in response to an infection. They also cause other immune system cells to destroy foreign substances. IgM antibodies are about 5% to 10% of all the antibodies in the body.

• Increased

Polyclonal: Isolated infections such as viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, early response to bacterial or parasitic infection.

Monoclonal: Waldenström macroglobulinemia, lymphoma ·

• Decreased

Immunosuppressive therapy:Drug immunosuppression (steroids, dextran): the production of IgM is diminished.

Leukemia:IgM production is diminished because the marrow is taken over by tumour cells.

IgA

IgA antibodies are found in areas of the body such the nose, breathing passages, digestive tract, ears, eyes and vagina. IgA antibodies protect body surfaces that are exposed to outside foreign substances. This type of antibody is also found in saliva, tears and blood. About 10% to 15% of the antibodies present in the body are IgA antibodies. A small number of people do not make IgA antibodies.

• Increased

Polyclonal: Chronic liver disease, chronic infections (especially of the GI and the respiratory tract), inflammatory bowel disease.

Monoclonal: Multiple myeloma · Decreased

Inherited IgA deficiency (ataxia-telaniectasia, combined immunodeficiency disorders), hypoproteinemia (e.g. nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathies).

Drug immunosuppression (steroids, dextran): the production of IgA is diminished.

Rheumatoid factor (RF)

The test for rheumatoid factor (RF) is used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. The test is also used to help diagnose an arthritis-related condition called Sjögren’s syndrome. About 80% to 90% of patients with this syndrome have high amounts of RF in their blood.

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis may be:

• Stiffness in joints for a long time in the morning, swelling, nodules under skin
• Evidence on X-rays of swollen Joint capsules
• Associated pain
• Loss of cartilage and bone if the disease has progressed

If there are symptoms of RA present but the first RF test is negative then the test may need to be repeated.

The levels vary with the degree of symptoms and inflammation and may be negative in periods of remission or inactive disease. The presence of RF indicates rheumatoid arthritis.

Increased levels may also be found in people with chronic viral infection, TB, chronic active hepatitis, leukemia, syphilis, renal disease and infectious mononucleosis.

2. Tests for Celiac disease

There are a series of tests available to test for the presence of Celiac disease. However many of them can result in false negatives, therefore it is important to use more than one test when results seem questionable. To further complicate matters, many antibodies related tests are not reliable if the patient has not been consuming gluten. The most common anitbody tests are:

IgA class Tissue Transglutaminase antibody (tTG), the primary test ordered to screen for celiac disease. It is the most sensitive and specific blood test for celiac disease and is the single test preferred by the American College of Gastroenterology

IgG class tTG may be used when a IgA deficiency is present

Immunoglobulins - Anti-gliadin Testing

• Both IgA and IgG anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) are detected in sera of patients with gluten sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease)
• The type of test used to detect the anti-gliadin antibodies is called ELISA. It is a method of testing and it is a relatively simple test to perform.
• The purpose of testing for anti-gliadin antibodies includes, in addition to diagnosis of gluten sensitive enteropathy, monitoring for compliance to a gluten free diet
• IgA gliadin antibodies increase rapidly in response to gluten in the diet and decrease rapidly when gluten is absent from the diet
• The IgA anti-gliadin antibodies can totally disappear in 2-6 months on a gluten free diet, so they are useful as a diet control
• By contrast, IgG anti-gliadin antibodies need a long time, sometimes more than a year, to become negative
• The reverse is also true. That is, a patient with celiac disease who has been on a gluten free diet and tests negative for IgA anti-gliadin antibodies, will show a rapid increase in antibody production when challenged by gluten in the diet
• Approximately 90% of challenged patients will yield a positive IgA anti-gliadin result within 14-35 days after being challenged
• The IgG antibodies are somewhat slower. IgG anti-gliadin antibodies are detectable in approximately 21% of patients with other gastrointestinal disorders.

Gene testing is useful when the diagnosis of Celiac’s is unclear. Over 99% affected by Celiac disease have the HLA DQ2, HLA DQ8 genes.

Recommended Laboratories:1. The Great Plains Laboratory IgE Food Allergy TestIgE Inhalant Allergy TestIgG Food Allergy Test + CandidaDied blood spot test - IgG Food Allergy test + CandidaGluten + Casein Peptides Test 2. Direct Labs Gliadin Antibody Profile (IgG, IgA)Detection of antibodies to gliadin, one of the major protein components of gluten, is a sensitive assay useful in diagnosing celiac disease 3. RequestATest http://requestatest.comCeliac Genetic Blood Test $599This test looks for the presence of 2 genes known as HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 which are statistically associated with celiac disease. Celiac Disease Panel $179Includes Endomysial Antibodies, Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG) Antibodies, Total IgA 4. Personalabs https://shop.personalabs.comOffers a huge variety on different Allergen Profile tests. 5. Walk-In-Lab https://www.walkinlab.comOffers tests for Food Allergies, Food Intolerances, Airborne Allergies, pet Allergies and several tests for Gluten (Celiac Disease) 

Mineral and Vitamin Tests

1. Mineral Tests

Analysis of red blood cells provides the best diagnostic tool for assessing the status of elements that have important functions inside cells or on blood cell membranes. Accurate assessment of essential element status is highly recommended for the determination of appropriate supplementation. The absorption, transport, and metabolism of essential elements is highly integrated and regulated. Inappropriate supplementation or dietary imbalance of elements can have significant adverse health effects. For example, excess intake of zinc or molybdenum can result in copper deficiency and, although essential, excess retention of manganese can have serious neurotoxic effects.

Magnesium RBC test:

This test measures the amount of the mineral magnesium inside the red blood cells. The difference between a serum magnesium and a red cell magnesium is that magnesium serum levels must be kept within a tight range or the heart stops. Therefore, serum levels are maintained at the expense of levels inside cells. So we have to measure intracellular magnesium. The easiest cell to get at is the red blood cell.

Magnesium deficiency

• Affects 90% of the population
• Is common with diabetes, liver disease
• Chronic diarrhea, malnutrition (SAD diet), malabsorption, hypoparathyroidism
• Is especially problematic if you drink alcohol, sodas, caffeine and excess sugar, have a stressful life, sweat a lot, or take birth control pills
• Increases your risk of heart disease, strokes, muscle problems, cancer and many other illnesses
• Is common in a stressful life (and especially so if you have adrenal fatigue).

How a deficiency of magnesium affects you

• Can cause heart disease (and exacerbates MPV, mitral valve prolapse), plus strokes
• Promotes tooth decay, muscle cramping (me for over a decade)
• Lowers your immune system, strength, energy levels, metabolism
• Increases blood pressure
• Decreases your body’s ability to use vitamins C and E
• Lowers the production, function and transport of insulin
• Causes an increase of toxins and acid in your body
• Makes you susceptible to a host of diseases and conditions.

Why you need higher levels of magnesium

• Helps the metabolism of carbs, fats and amino acids and influences 325 enzymes
• Counteracts and regulates the influence of calcium, which can harm you if you have too much
• Is required for the body to produce and store energy
• Calms the brain
• Removes toxins along with vitamin C
• Increases the efficiency of white blood cells
• Helps prevent cancer and slows down the course of cancer (along with zinc and selenium!)
• Can raise testosterone levels in men (and with zinc)
• Relieves pain!

Zinc RBC test

Zinc (Zn) is an activator or cofactor for many enzymatic steps in human metabolism. Many digestive peptidase enzymes contain Zn; an important enzyme controlling chemical energy conversion (lactate dehydrogenase) requires Zn, as does alcohol dehydrogenase. A form of the oxidant- response mediating enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), is activated by zinc and copper. Absorption of Zn occurs mainly in the small intestine, and Zn uptake can be competitive with that of iron. Zinc is distributed throughout body tissue; about one-fifth of total body stores of Zn are in skin.

Conditions associated with zinc deficiency include:

• Incomplete digestive proteolysis and malabsorption
• Cell-mediated immune dysfunction
• Chronic diarrhea
• Overuse of diuretics
• Alcoholism
• Hepatic cirrhosis
• Renal tubular disease and nephrotic syndrome.
• Diabetes mellitus.
• Altered taste
• Impaired dark adaptation by the eyes
• Partial (usually) alopecia
• Poor wound healing
• Allergies
• Sexual impotence
• Acral dermatitis
• Delayed growth in children
• Dwarfism
• Elevated lactic acid in blood (lactic acidosis) may occur in Zn deficiency.

Excess dietary phosphates, phytates, fibre, calcium and copper can impair the uptake of Zn.

Excess copper levels can also interfere with zinc retention by competing for albumin binding sites in blood serum.

 

Selenium RBC test

As part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, selenium acts as an antioxidant. It is extremely powerful and protects red blood cells and cell membranes from free radical damage. Selenium works closely with vitamin E and may enhance its function. Glutathione peroxidase seems to be able to protect against the damaging effects of ultraviolet light.

Selenium is important in maintaining resistance to disease. It may enhance the production and effectiveness of white blood cells and protect them from the free radicals they generate in the process of fighting infection. It also appears to increase antibody production, and strengthen the body's surveillance of abnormal cell growth and cancer.

A selenium-dependent enzyme is involved in the metabolism of thyroid hormones. Studies have shown that thyroid hormones in elderly people are influenced by selenium status.

Selenium is involved in maintaining normal liver function, protein synthesis and protecting against toxic minerals such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead. It plays a role in promoting male sexual reproductive capacity and maintaining healthy eyes, hair and skin. It may be involved in the metabolism of prostaglandins which control inflammation.

Deficiency in selenium:

Severe selenium deficiency has only been seen in those living off foods grown in selenium-deficient soil. Levels of selenium in soil vary between countries and between different regions in the same country. There are low levels in Europe, parts of the USA, New Zealand and parts of China. There are high levels in Japan, Thailand, Philippines and Puerto Rico.

Severe selenium deficiency leads to the heart disorder, Keshan disease, a potentially fatal cardiomyopathy that affects children in low selenium areas of rural China. Kashin Beck disease, another deficiency disease seen in rural China, resembles arthritis.

Marginal selenium deficiency can occur in alcoholics and those living on refined and processed foods, and may increase the risk of a variety of diseases.

Toxicity symptoms:

Loss and brittleness of hair and nails, skin rash, fatigue, irritability and nervous system disorders, garlic breath odor.

Great Plain Laboratory offers a Metal Red Cell test.

Analyte List

Essential: Boron, Chromium, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Phosphorus, Potassium, Selenium, Vanadium, Zinc

2. Iodine Urine Loading test

Whole body sufficiency for iodine is assessed by an iodine/iodide loading test.

The test consists of ingesting four tablets of a solid dosage form of Lugol (Iodoral®), containing a total of 50 mg iodine/iodide. Then urinary iodide levels are measured in the following 24 hour collection. The iodine/iodide loading test is based on the concept that the normally functioning human body has a mechanism to retain ingested iodine until whole body sufficiency for iodine is achieved. During orthoiodosupplementation, a negative feedback mechanism is triggered that progressively adjusts the excretion of iodine to balance the intake. As the body iodine content increases, the percent of the iodine load retained decreases with a concomitant increase in the amount of iodide excreted in the 24 hour urine collection. When whole body sufficiency for iodine is achieved, the absorbed iodine/iodide is quantitatively excreted as iodide in the urine.

The percentage excretion is calculated by dividing the patient’s mg/24 hour iodide results by the oral iodine/iodide dosage (mg) provided by the practitioner, then multiplied by 100.

Iodine deficiency can cause and be involved in:

• 50% increase in developing Alzheimers
• Fatigue
• Weight gain
• Depression
• Fogginess
• Memory loss
• Muscle pain
• Low HCL production
• Food intolerances
• Poor cognitive function
• A much harder menopause
• Increased sensitivity to cold
• Infertility
• Stress
• Heavy metal toxicity
• Fibroids
• Fibrocystic breast lumps
• Thyroid problems
• Breast cancer
• Low immunity
• Iodine levels effect estrogen metabolism
• Iodine helps to preserve antioxidant status in the body
• Iodine reduces the formation of histamine, a chemical mediator in the inflammatory process.

Sodium fluoride (fluoridated water), chloride (chlorinated water) and bromide (found in bread and flour products) are toxic to the body and compete with iodine receptor sites.

3. Iodine Urine Spot Test

Is a simple and convenient test to measure an individual’s iodine level in dried urine on a filter strip. It is not as accurate as the iodine urine loading test but a lot faster, cheaper and easier.

4. Iron Study Test

The tests are used to evaluate iron metabolism in patients in whom iron deficiency, overload, or poisoning is suspected.

A iron study test should include: serum iron, transferrin, transferrin saturation and ferritin.

Serum iron - measures the level of iron in the liquid part of your blood ferritin - measures the amount of stored iron in your body. Ferritin is the main protein that stores iron, especially in the liver and the bone marrow.

Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) or transferrin, measures the amount of transferrin, a blood protein that transports iron from the gut to the cells that use it. Your body makes transferrin in relationship to your need for iron; when iron stores are low, transferrin levels increase, while transferrin is low when there is too much iron. Usually about one third of the transferrin is being used to transport iron. Because of this, your blood serum has considerable extra iron-binding capacity, which is the unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC). The TIBC equals UIBC plus the serum iron measurement. Some laboratories measure UIBC, some measure TIBC, and some measure transferrin.

The iron withholding mechanism occurs naturally at the onset of every healthy, acute inflammatory response. It begins with release of a special cytokine, interleukin 1 (IL 1). In healthy people, IL1 is capable of reducing serum iron by 50%, which is highly cancer protective. Conversely, any compromise of our natural ability to restrict iron (or our ability to release IL-1), typical of chronic inflammation, is associated with a heightened risk of cancer onset and cancer-related death and disease generally.

There is risk in supplementing iron where the decision to supplement is based solely on a low serum iron reading. The failure to fully appreciate the body’s design for withholding iron is a likely cause of cancer and or failure of many aggressive cancer therapies.

Iron withholding protects against infection as well, all non-viral organisms (bacteria, yeast, fungi) require iron if they are to infect us and they must use our iron since they do not bring it with them.

The diagnostic specificity of a low serum iron for iron deficiency is lost in the presence of inflammatory processes and certain other forms of chronic disease.The concentrations of iron and transferrin in the serum are significantly affected, and fall rapidly as part of the acute phase response after the onset of the inflammation, irrespective of the status of the iron stores in the body. This response can produce a marked decrease within a day, especially in the serum iron level. The effect on iron and transferrin levels persists as long as the inflammatory process is sustained, and is classically associated with the development of anaemia of chronic disease. Unfortunately, a low serum iron level in this setting is frequently misinterpreted as evidence of iron deficiency, a major diagnostic error that can be avoided by simultaneous examination of the transferrin level, which in this context is subnormal or in the low normal range. Estimation of serum iron alone in the investigation of anaemia is consequently inadvisable.

Relation of transferrin level to total iron binding capacity of serum:

Transferrin is the carrier protein which binds most of the iron present in serum. The total iron binding capacity of serum measured by determining the total amount of iron that can be bound to serum protein is proportional to the concentration of transferrin in the serum. Consequently, the total iron binding capacity simply represents an alternative means of expressing the amount of transferrin in serum.

Assessment of serum ferritin

Subnormal levels of ferritin can be detected when iron stores are exhausted but before the serum iron level has become affected. Ferritin thus represents the most sensitive index of early iron deficiency.

Expression of results as percentage saturation of transferrin

The percentage occupation of the iron binding sites on transferrin by iron is calculated by dividing the serum iron level by the serum total iron binding capacity. The serum total iron binding capacity can be extrapolated from the transferrin level or measured directly. In normal individuals the transferrin saturation is 20-50%. The view has been expressed that a subnormal percentage saturation is a useful index of iron deficiency but low values are also obtained in chronic disorders and consequently lack specificity.

Co-existing disease can sometimes make it impossible to assess iron status with biochemical tests. Concurrent measurement of serum iron, transferrin and ferritin reduces the chances of making an incorrect diagnosis of iron deficiency and, in most instances, provides a reliable index of body iron stores.

5. Vitamin Tests

Vitamin B12 Test

Common deficiency tests: 

Methylmalonate in urine (Result high when deficient)

Homocysteine in plasma (Result high when deficient)

Vitamin B12 in serum (Result low when deficient)

The tests are used to identify the cause of megaloblastic anemia and to evaluate malnourished patients. Vitamin B12 is necessary for conversion of the inactive form of folate to the active form. This reaction is vital for the synthesis of nucleic acids and amino acids (methylation pathway).

• It can take 6-18 months of vitamin B12 depletion before anemia develops
• In the stomach, gastric acid detaches vitamin B12 from its binding proteins
• Intrinsic factor (IF), necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine, is made in the stomach mucosa
• Without IF, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed
• Deficiency of IF is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency (perinicous anemia)
• Lack of gastric acid to separate the ingested vitamin B12 from its binding proteins also give rise to deficiency
• Malabsorption caused by diseases of the small terminal ileum is another cause of vitamin B12 deficiency.

Symptoms of deficiency:Dizziness, weakness, fatigue, or a sore mouth or tongue.Tingling burning or numbness in their hands, arms, legs and or/feet 

• Mental or behavioural changes such as irritability, confusion, depression and/or paranoia.

Causes of decreased vitamin B12:

Pernicious anemia, malabsorption syndrome, intestinal worm infestation, vitamin C deficiency, folic acid deficiency, atrophic gastritis, resection of terminal ileum, achlorhydria , pregnancy.

Causes of increased vitamin B12:

Leukemia (acute myelocytic, chronic myelocytic, chronic lymphocytic, monocytic), severe liver dysfunction, myeloproliferative disease.

Red Cell Folate Test

Folic acid, one of the B vitamins, is necessary for normal function of RBCs and WBCs, and for the adequate synthesis of certain purines and pyrimidines, which are the precursors of DNA.

It is also used in the synthesis of several amino acids. Vitamin B12 is necessary for conversion of inactive 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to the active tetrahydrofolate, the active form of folate.

As with vitamin B12, the folate level depends on adequate dietary ingestion and normal intestinal absorption of this vitamin.

Common deficiency tests: 

Homocysteine in plasma (Result high when deficient)

Folate in serum (Result low when deficient)

Folacin in RBC (red blood cell) (Result low when deficient)

Formiminoglutamate (FIGLU) in urine (Result high when deficient)

Symptoms of folate deficiency:

• Weakness and fatigue
• Lightheaded
• Forgetfulness
• Feeling grouchy
• Loss of appetite and weight loss
• Trouble concentrating.

Causes of decreased Folate levels:

• Malabsorption syndrome
• Not eating enough foods that contain folate (leafy green vegetables)
• Greater need for folic acid (pregnancy, sickle cell disease)
• Certain medications can decrease folate levels (aminopterin, amino-salicylic acid, ampicillin, antimalarials, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, estrogens, methotrexate, oral contraceptives, penicillin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and tetracyclins)
• Alcohol
• Liver disease
• Chronic renal disease
• Cancer
• Genetic polymorphism (no conversion from folate into 5-MTHF (5- Methyl tetrahydrofolate).

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Common deficiency tests: 

Alpha-keto acids in urine (Result high when deficient)

Erythrocyte Transketolase Index in red blood cell (RBC) (Result high when deficient)

Vitamin B1 is also known as thiamine. It is essential in energy production as thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). It is very important for carbohydrate metabolism and is involved in many metabolic functions. It is necessary for the synthesis of RNA and fat. It is involved in nerve transmission in the peripheral nervous system and the brain. It is a strong antioxidant and increases the ability of vitamins E and B6 to destroy free radicals, or oxidants.

A deficiency of thiamine may result in loss of appetite, fatigue, depression, constipation, confusion, poor coordination, and nervous degeneration. The classical deficiency disease is beri-beri. Alcoholics often show a B1 deficiency.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Common deficiency tests: 

Alpha-keto acids in urine (Result high when deficient)

Ethylmalonate in urine (Result high when deficient)

EGR Activity Coefficient in RBC (Result high when deficient)

Vitamin B2 is also known as riboflavin. Riboflavin is essential in energy production as FAD. It is important in the synthesis and breakdown of fats. It activates the vitamins B6 and folic acid. It is also important in the synthesis of corticosteriods, red blood cells and glycogen. It is found in brewers’ yeast, liver, meat, broccoli, dairy products, wheat germ, poultry and whole grain products.

A deficiency of riboflavin is associated with skin problems especially around the nose, mouth, and ears. In addition, a patient may have a ‘smooth tongue’, redness, burning and excessive tearing of the eyes, light sensitivity, anemia, personality changes and cataracts.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Common deficiency tests: 

N-Methylnicotinamide in urine (Result low when deficient)

Lactate & pyruvate in urine (Result high when deficient)

Niacin, like the other B vitamins, is necessary for energy production (NAD). It is important in the synthesis of DNA, fatty acids and cholesterol. It is also important in brain function.

A deficiency of niacin may result in inflamed and discolored skin (dermatitis), diarrhea and depression. Headaches, elevated blood lipids and fatigue may also occur.

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid )

Common deficiency tests: 

Alpha-keto-acids in urine (Result high when deficient)

Pantothenicacid in urine (Result low when deficient)

This is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B complex. It is involved in a number of essential functions in the body and is an essential part of coenzyme A (CoA), an important catalyst in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins in energy production. It is essential for the production of cholesterol, steroids, and fatty acids and aids in the utilisation of other vitamins, especially riboflavin.

It helps in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system, adrenal support and healthy joints. There is no toxic level for this vitamin as it is excreted in the urine.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Common deficiency tests: 

Xanthurenate in urine (Result high when deficient)

Kynurenate in urine (Result high when deficient)

Homocysteine in plasma (Result high when deficient)

EGOT Index in RBC (Result high when deficient)

Vitamin B6 is also called pyridoxine and erythrocyte AST/EGOT. There are three natural forms: pyridoxine (pyridoxal), pyridoxamine and pyridoxal. B6 is necessary for protein metabolism; conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid; glycogen breakdown; the synthesis of brain neurotransmitters, niacin, antibodies, RBCs, DNA and elastin; and glycogen synthesis. Decreased levels lead to poor wound healing, depression, skin problems, anemia, fatigue, convulsive seizures, stunted growth, erratic blood glucose levels.

Vitamin D

Common deficiency tests: 

25-Hydroxyvitamin D in serum (Result low when deficient)

Bone-specific collagen fragments in urine (Result high when deficient)

Vitamin D deficiencies are very common. Too little vitamin D can put you at risk for broken bones, heart disease, cancer and a host of other ailments. Our bodies can make vitamin D but only when bare skin, free of sunblock and lotions, is exposed to sunlight. And even then, people of color and older individuals may not be able to manufacture sufficient quantities for optimal health.

There is a big difference between official recommended Vitamin D levels and newly discovered optimal levels, which should be established when dealing with cancer and heart disease.

Holick MF. Calcium and Vitamin D. Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Clin Lab Med. 2000 Sep;20(3):569-90)

6. Organic Acid Test

Accumulation of specific organic acids in urine often signals a metabolic inhibition or block. This abnormality may be due to a nutrient deficiency, an inherited enzyme deficit, toxic build-up, or drug effect. Testing for organic acids helps reveal activity and changes at the metabolic level. The organic acid test provides information for Vitamin and mineral insufficiencies, especially B-complex deficiency.

The specific organic acids tested are listed above under each vitamin deficiency tests.

Recommended Laboratories1. SpectraCell https://www.spectracell.comMicronutrient Test $390

SpectraCell's Micronutrient tests measure the function of 35 nutritional components including vitamins, antioxidants, minerals and amino acids within our white blood cells.2. Direct labs https://www.directlabs.comVitamins Panel $259 (July 2017)Tests include: Vitamin A, B1, B6, B9, B12, C, D, E, K Zinc RBC $158 3. The Great Plain Laboratories https://www.greatplainslaboratory.comMetals Red Blood Cell TestEssential: Boron, Chromium, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Phosphorus, Potassium, Selenium, Zinc,Chromium (Cr)Toxic: Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Lead, Mercury, Nickel, Platinum, Thallium, Tungsten, Uranium 4. RequestATest http://requestatest.comIron Blood Test Panel $89Includes: Ferritin, Iron, TIBC, Transferrin Iodine Urine 24 hour $149Iodine, Random Urine $99 

Hormone Tests

Interaction between the thyroid, adrenal and reproductive glands are an important issue which needs to be considered for testing and treatment protocol.

1. Thyroid

A thyroid test is very important especially if the patients reports fatigue and weight gain, or weight loss and feelings of nervousness or hyperactivity. Some physicians dismiss borderline low or high tests, but they can be very helpful for identifying problems with the thyroid gland.

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) is the standard test used by most practitioner. Unfortunately the TSH lab results can lack years behind even in the present of hypothyroid symptoms, before the results goes above the range to reveal hypothyroidism.

The additional tests are free T3 and free T4 which will give a clear picture of thyroid function.

Free represents what is unbound from protein and available for use.

The standard normal range recommended 2003 by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists is for TSH: 0.3 to 3.04mIU/L
With hyperthyroid occurring below 0.3 and hypothyroid occurring above 3.04.

The ideal level most holistic practitioner aim for with TSH is 1 to 2.0mIU/L

Free T3 ( Triiodothyronine) normal range is 2.3 to 4.2 with a high level representing hyperthyroidism and a low level representing hypothyroidism.

Free T4 ( Thyroxine) normal range is 0.7 to 2.0 with a high level representing hyperthyroidism and a low level representing hypothyroidism.

Thyroid antibodies

Also know as thyroid autoantibodies; antithyroid antibodies; antimicrosomal antibody; thyroid microsomal antibody; thyroperoxidase antibody; TPOAb; anti-TPO; antithyroglobulin antibody; TgAb; TSH receptor antibody; TRAb; thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin; TSI; TBII.

To help diagnose and monitor autoimmune thyroid diseases and to distinguish these from other forms of thyroiditis; to help guide treatment decisions.

Mild to moderately elevated levels of thyroid antibodies may be found in a variety of thyroid and autoimmune disorders, such as thyroid cancer, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune collagen vascular diseases.

Significantly increased concentrations most frequently indicate thyroid autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Grave’s disease.

In general, their presence suggests that there is autoimmune thyroid involvement and the higher the level, the more likely that is.

Rising levels may be more significant than stable levels as they indicate an increase in autoimmune activity.

All of these antibodies, if present in the mother, can increase the risk of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in the fetus or newborn.

2. Female/Male Hormone

Sex hormones can be measured in saliva and urine.

Saliva and urine each have their advantages. It is important to determine which method will provide you with the most useful information in a given clinical scenario.

Female/ Male Hormone Urine test:

Best used for:

• Female hormone balance
• Androgen balance
• Breast and prostate cancer risk factors
• Monitoring bioidentical hormone therapy.

In addition to being a non-invasive, patient-controlled collection, a 24 hour urine sample is most accurate because it provides a stable indicator of output not susceptible to the hour-to-hour fluctuations seen in serum or salivary measurements. Urine hormone testing is well-established in medical literature as a reliable method of assessing physiological hormone levels.

Urinary evaluations also allow the measurement of many estrogen metabolites. These metabolites provide critical information about a person’s relative risk for estrogen related cancer. A recent concept in hormone-related cancer prevention is the measurement of the ratio of two estrone metabolites: 2-hydroxyestrone and 16α-hydroxyestrone. A decrease in the 2/16α ratio is associated with an increased risk of breast and cervical cancer. This ratio is available only in a urine collection.

Urinary estrogens can be a sensitive monitor of liver detoxification capability. Elevated urinary estrogens in normally-cycling women may indicate a history of exposure to compounds that stress the liver such as environmental chemicals. This phenomenon has also been observed in peri- or post-menopausal women who have previously taken conjugated equine estrogens. Interventions intended to improve liver function result in a gradual normalisation of the abnormal estrogen levels. Thus measurement of urinary estrogens can give insight into other aspects of physiology.

Female Hormone Saliva test:

Best used for:

• Menstrual cycle evaluation

Saliva testing for hormones is a method which has gained popularity in recent years. This is due to the simplicity and noninvasive nature of sample collection. It is very helpful to assess cyclical output of estrogen and progesterone throughout the month in a cycling or peri-menopausal woman.

Saliva testing has been used to measure hormones since the late 1960s and has many advantages over serum testing. The most significant feature of saliva testing is that it reflects the non-protein bound ‘free’ fraction of hormones at a given point of time.

As steroid hormones are predominantly bound to carrier proteins such as cortisol binding protein, sex hormone binding globulin and albumin in the blood, the unbound fraction is considered more readily available to the cells of the body. It is these ‘free’ hormones that best reflect a patient’s hormonally-related symptoms, rather than total or bound hormone levels as measured in serum.

A general baseline female hormone saliva test is done for menstruating women on day 21 of her cycle and for no menstrual women at any day.

The general baseline hormone test is for:

• Amenorrhoea
• Menopausal symptoms (e.g. hot flushes, night sweats)
• Depression
• Low libido
• Dysmenorrhoea
• Infertility
• Miscarriage
• PCOS
• Endometriosis
• Hirsutism
• PMS
• Oestrogen dominance
• Weight gain
• Slow metabolism
• Menorrhagia
• Irregular periods
• Hot flushes and night sweats
• Weight gain
• Insomnia
• Fatigue
• Low libido
• Vaginal dryness
• PMS
• Mood swings
• Depression
• Endometriosis
• Fibrosis
• Foggy memory.

Tested are:

Oestrone (E1), Oestradiol (E2), Oestriol (E3,) Progesterone (P4), Testosterone (TT), DHEA-S.

Male Hormone Saliva Test:

The test can be done for males at any time.

The general baseline hormone test is for:

• Erectile dysfunction
• Low libido
• Night sweats or hot flushes
• Mood swings or irritability
• Muscle loss or weakness
• Depression or anxiety
• Increased body fat
• Hair loss
• Fatigue or lack of energy
• Memory loss
• Heart palpitations
• Sleep apnea or insomnia
• Constipation or increased bowel movements
• Gynecomastia (development of breasts in men).

Tested are:

Testosterone (TT), Oestrone (E1), Oestradiol (E2), DHEA.

3. Adrenal Hormones

Adrenal health is measured by levels of key hormones such as cortisol and DHEA in the saliva. A saliva test is more accurate than serum for cortisol and DHEA as it measures the free and circulating amount of each of these, not the total bounded amount as measured by serum.

Research has shown that salivary cortisol determined by enzyme immunoassay is preferable to serum total cortisol for assessment of dynamic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. (http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16117823)

DHEA can be measured at any time during the day but cortisol levels vary throughout the day, highest in the morning and lowest in the evening before bedtime. For this reason, the recommended tests require four saliva samples: 8 am, noon, 5 pm and before bedtime. The multiple samples give the ability to map the daily diurnal curve of free cortisol in the body relative to DHEA levels, allowing for a much clearer picture of adrenal function.

Note: If the patient is taking oral hormones or applying topical supplemental hormone creams such as DHEA or pregnenolone, the saliva test results may be elevated immediately. Although blood test results also increase, it takes about three months to be reflected on the test.

Stress at the time of testing also influences adrenal hormone levels. Your cortisol level tested after a quiet and relaxing morning will differ from that taken when you are under tremendous stress.

Here is a graph of a saliva test of a patient with a normal cortisol level, compared with a test of a patient with chronic fatigue.

thmias.

Recommended Laboratories1. LifeExtension http://www.lifeextension.comLifeExtension offers several tests for heart health: Homocysteine $54, CoQ10 $59, Omega Check $131.25, Galectin-3 $90, Vitamin K1 $146.25Healthy Ageing Panel (Comprehensive) $249 includes: Homocysteine, Fibrinogen, HsCRP, Lipids…. 2. RequestATest http://requestatest.comRequestATest offers several tests for heart health:Comprehensive Plus Heart Panel (Lipid Panel, HsCRP, Homocysteine, Lp(a), HbA1c) $199, Fibrinogen activity $39, Homocysteine $69, 3. Direct Labs https://www.directlabs.comOffers several tests for heart health. In general more expensive than the above.  

Urinary System Tests

• Microscopic examination and culture of urine
• Urine dipstick tests which can indicate presence of ketones, blood, nitrates, white blood cells, protein, and pH as well as glucose, and bilirubin
• Full blood count
• Fasting glucose levels (HbA1C) checking for diabetes mellitus
• Urine creatinine clearance and BUN test to evaluate kidney function
• Pelvic and rectal exam (in case of kidney stones and further testing such as angiogram can be taken if there are calculi present)

Pancreatic System Tests

Fasting glucose
Glucose is the primary blood sugar used by cells to make energy. Because glucose is so important to your cells, the body regulates it in many different ways. The one most commonly understood involves insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas that delivers glucose to cells throughout the body. When carbohydrates are ingested the pancreas releases insulin to transport the (ingested) glucose into cells.

If the cells become resistant to insulin’s affects the pancreas pumps out ever-greater amounts of insulin in an attempt to force the glucose into the cells. This effort is only partially effective in most instances, and may result in higher blood glucose levels. Fasting glucose is measured to check pancreatic health, pre-diabetes and diabetes.

Haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) evaluates long-term blood sugar control. Serum glucose reacts with important proteins in the body rendering them nonfunctional in a process called glycation. Hemoglobin A1C is a reflection of this detrimental reaction. This blood test is often used for diabetics to monitor disease progression and the effects of treatment. An ideal HbA1C level to be <5.0.

2-hour Glucose Tolerance Test
Blood glucose levels increase slightly after ingestion of carbohydrates. This increase causes your pancreas to release insulin so that your blood glucose levels do not get too high. Blood glucose levels that remain high over time can damage multiple organs and blood vessels. This test evaluates how high blood sugar rises after drinking glucose and then 2 hours later a blood sample is drawn.

Insulin

This blood test measures fasting insulin and is helpful in the diagnosis of insulin resistance and type 1 and 2 diabetes. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to eating carbohydrates. Insulin facilitates the transport of the carbohydrates and sugars from the bloodstream into the cells. Once inside, the sugars are used by the cells to make energy. Insulin resistance, the hallmark of type II diabetes, occurs with excessive carbohydrate intake. In this case, insulin does not work optimally to drive glucose into the cells and tissues and results in high blood glucose. Excessive high blood glucose levels can have numerous adverse consequences including: cardiovascular disease, nerve damage and kidney problems.

C-peptide test

C-peptide is used to monitor insulin production and kidney function. The test is not used to diagnose diabetes. Instead, it is used to determine how much insulin a person's pancreas is still producing.

Sometimes a C-peptide test may be used to help evaluate a person diagnosed with metabolic syndrome - a set of risk factors that includes abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension.

Lipid studies

See lipids in the pathology test section

Liver profile

Three different liver profile tests:
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) & alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

AST and ALT are considered to be two of the most important tests to detect liver injury, although ALT is more specific for the liver than is AST and is more commonly increased than is AST. Sometimes AST is compared directly to ALT and an AST/ALT ratio is calculated. This ratio may be used to distinguish between different causes of liver damage and to distinguish liver injury from damage to heart or muscle.

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
Used in conjuction with ALT and AST to better evaluate liver function, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme produced by the liver. GGT may also be elevated in liver and pancreatic cancer, alcoholism, and is sometimes used as a marker for tumor progression as well as evaluating response to treatment.

Comprehensive Stool analysis

See previously discussed in section Gastrointestinal Tract Tests

Pancreas function test

This test measures the ability of the pancreas to respond to hormones that normally stimulate the pancreas to release a fluid that neutralises stomach acid and aids in digestion. The hormones secretin or cholecystokinin are given and the ability of the pancreas to respond is measured.

Secretin stimulation test

The secretin stimulation test measures the ability of the pancreas to respond to a hormone called secretin. The small intestine produces secretin when partially digested food from the stomach moves into the area.

Islet cell cytoplasmic autoantibodies

Diabetes-related autoantibodies are abnormal bodily defense proteins associated with type 1 or insulin-independent, diabetes mellitus. Islet Cell Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies (ICA) blood test is used to detect autoantibodies that target various islet cell proteins (alpha cells, beta cells).

Recommended Laboratories1. LifeExtension http://www.lifeextension.comInsulin Fasting$29.90 (depending on sales price)C-Peptide $70 (depending on sales price)HbA1c $31 (depending on sales price) 2. RequestATest http://requestatest.comDiabetes panel (HbA1c, Glucose) $52C-Peptide $79Glucose Tolerance test, 2hour $69Insulin, free and total $159 3. Direct Labs https://www.directlabs.comDiabetes Package $72Tests Included:
CMP-14: The Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP-14) is a frequently ordered group of 14 laboratory tests that gives important information about the current status of your kidneys, liver, and electrolyte and acid/base balance as well as of your blood sugar and blood proteins. Abnormal results, and especially combinations of abnormal results, can indicate a problem that needs to be addressed.
HgA1C: This non-fasting test, also known as A1c, HbA1c, Glycohemoglobin, or Glycated hemoglobin.

Genetic Profile test

1. Nutrigenomic Testing

Nutrigenomic testing evaluates a carefully selected group of genetic variants in a person’s genome. It provides an unseen ‘glimpse’ into a patient’s potential of a healthy future or if they are on a path that leads to disease. Knowing the genetic shortcomings reduces the potential risk of disease without waiting for signs or symptoms to appear.

All human diseases occur from the interaction between a genetic predisposition and modifiable environmental, nutritional and/or lifestyle factors.

Slight variations in DNA, called SNPs, are associated with almost all chronic diseases.

Potential expression of a disease depends upon whether the SNP resides on one chromosome or both chromosomes and environmental, nutritional and/or lifestyle factors.

The old paradigm, we believed in, states that genes predetermine whether we get a disease or not. Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, sickle cell anemia, or Tay Sachs. But our new paradigm states: Genes predispose an individual to a disease.

Benefits of nutrigenomic testing:

• Takes the guesswork out of supplements and herbs
• Able to customise a disease prevention and/or treatment program unique to a patient’s DNA
• Refining diagnosis
• Identifying susceptibilities to certain disease before they manifest as signs and symptoms.
• Partner with patient in prevention strategies
• Constructing protocols based on individual differences rather than medicine-of-the averages
• Optimising therapies by reducing trial-and-error approach.

The genetic variants which are tested (depending on the laboratory/test chosen) will bring information about the most important physiological systems in the body:

1. Inflammation
2. Cell defense
3. Detoxification
4. Cardiovascular health
5. Fat metabolism and cholesterol regulation
6. Vitamin D metabolism

Even though a gene is listed in one group, it can have a major influence in other groups as well. For example, the primary influence of the gene Interleukin - 6 (IL-6) is in Group 1 for inflammation and recovery. However, it also has a major influence in other groups such as cardiovascular health, fat metabolism, bone health, chronic diseases.

Knowing genetic predispositions (and gene variations) is a powerful tool to help to make more informed nutritional, exercise and lifestyle choices to maximise the potential for preventing and treating disease.

1. Inflammation

Inflammation is a natural body defense mechanism and an important part of the normal immune response; it protects from infections and helps with tissue repair after an injury. Health and well-being is critically dependent on this inflammatory response being well regulated and operating correctly. Ideally, when we get sick or injured we want a strong inflammatory response that ensures that we deal effectively with any infection or injury, but then settles down. We do not want an inflammatory response that is overly aggressive as this can lead to more inflammation, tissue destruction, muscle wastage and bone loss. Genetically, some people are more likely to have this overly aggressive inflammatory response. We also do not want a state of chronic inflammation. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with many chronic diseases: cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, periodontal disease and many autoimmune diseases.

For Example:

IL-6 Polymorphismcan show increased production of IL-6, autoimmune disease (Hashimoto), diabetes 2, risk of bone metastasis in hormone-responsive breast cancer, cardiovascular disease.

TNFa Polymorphism can show increased risk of inflammation. TNFa triggers CRP, COX-2, IL-6,IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-8.

The body produces anti-inflammatory cytokines to ensure the inflammatory response remains controlled. Genetically, some people do not produce good levels of these anti-inflammatory cytokines and are unable to control their inflammatory response, and are more likely to end up with chronic inflammation.

2. Cell Defense

Every minute of every day our body produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), also referred to as free radicals. Research is demonstrating that free radicals cause oxidative stress and damage our DNA. Oxidative stress leads to ageing and underlies all disease processes, including cardiovascular disease, dementia and diabetes, and plays a role in the development of cancer. Poor liver health, inflammation, diabetes, obesity, environmental toxins, chemotherapy, radiation, and smoking will all increase free radical production and can lead to DNA damage.

Our body produces antioxidant enzymes which remove these ROS. Genetically, some people do not produce good levels of these antioxidant enzymes and are at risk of increased oxidative damage. Our body's own antioxidant enzymes are far more powerful than any antioxidant supplement, so to decrease oxidative stress we need to enhance our ability to produce these antioxidant enzymes.

For Example:

MnSOD begins the process of neutralising ROS. It is the main enzyme to protect the mitochondria and DNA from oxidative damage. It takes ROS and converts it to hydrogen peroxide. Polymorphism  indicates decreased production of MnSOD and increased risk of oxidative stress.

GPX1 neutralises hydrogen peroxide by converting it to water and oxygen. This enzyme requires glutathione. Polymorphism indicates decreased production of GPx1 and increased risk of oxidative stress.

3. Detoxification

It is essential for all cells to be able to rid themselves of toxins, whether these toxins come from the environment or from our own cellular activity. Toxins will interfere with cell function, which will lead to the development of many diseases. To be healthy we must be able to remove toxins from the cells and excrete them from the body. However, during the process of detoxification our body actually makes many of these toxins worse and more capable of causing damage.

The first stage of detoxification is performed by phase I enzymes. It is during this stage where toxins become very damaging and a lot of ROS (free radicals) are produced. Phase II enzymes take these very reactive toxins and make them safe and able to be excreted from the body. The worst situation from a detoxification point of view is to have overactive phase I enzymes and underactive phase II enzymes. In this scenario we are making lots of very damaging toxins and free radicals (increased oxidative stress) and are unable to make them safe and excrete them. Genetically, some people have overactive phase I enzymes and underactive phase II enzymes.

The genetic profile tests both phases and can therefore compare the activity of phase I to phase II.

For example:

Cytochrome 450 CYP1B1 enzyme is located mainly in the gut, breast, lungs and skin, and is involved in estrogen metabolism. A polymorphism on this gene indicates higher oxidative stress and 4-hydroxyestrogens may convert to quinone compounds that can cause DNA damage to breast tissue. This polymorphism is associated with higher breast cancer risk due to the chosen pathway.

Phase II GSTP1 enzyme conjugates glutathione to toxins, estrogen metabolites and ROS to render them safe and able to be excreted. Polymorphism indicates decreased enzyme activity and a decreased capacity to clear toxins and ROS.

4. Cardiovascular Health

Blood flow will be compromised by the build-up of plaque in blood vessels or the blood vessels becoming inelastic and stiff. Some people are genetically prone to plaque build-up and their blood vessels becoming stiff and inelastic. Inflammation and oxidative stress will damage blood vessels and the lining of blood vessels (endothelium). When the blood vessels and the endothelium are damaged, blood vessels become stiff and inelastic and prone to plaque build-up. Cardiovascular disease is a disease caused by oxidative stress and inflammation.

High levels of homocysteine in the blood causes oxidative stress and inflammation, and increases the risk of atherosclerosis and blood clotting. Some people genetically are unable to clear homocysteine and it builds up and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

For example

Homocysteine Metabolism:

The MTHFR gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. This enzyme plays a role in processing amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is important for a chemical reaction involving forms of the B-vitamin folate. Specifically, this enzyme converts 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. This reaction is required for the multistep process that converts the amino acid homocysteine to another amino acid, methionine. The body uses methionine to make proteins and other important compounds.

Changes in the gene can lead to homocystinuria, neural tube defect, spina bifida, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, and certain types of cancer.

COMT enzyme clears noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine and catechol estrogen. This enzyme plays an important role in mental health. A polymorphism on this gene results in reduced COMT activity and therefore reduced degradation of these compounds. Risk may be increased for some neuropsychiatric disorders, impaired estrogen metabolism ( risk of breast cancer due to prolonged estrogen exposure), late onset alcoholism, increased sensitivity to pain, fibromyalgia and migraine.

Blood pressure regulation:

AGT is a gene which makes angiotensinogen. Polymorphism indicates increased production of angiotensinogen, which can result in increased vasoconstriction and high blood pressure.

eNOS-2 is an enzyme which is involved in nitric oxide production. Polymorphism indicates decreased enzyme activity, which can result in decreased production of nitric oxide and a decreased ability to vasodilate, which can result in high blood pressure.

5. Fat Metabolism and Cholesterol Regulations

Lifestyle choices around diet and exercise play a major role in weight maintenance. However, genes also have a major role in weight maintenance. Weight maintenance and weight loss is not simply about calories in and calorie expenditure. Some people are genetically more prone to having a weight problem. These genes can influence insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, fat mobilisation and fat distribution.

We have genes that influence appetite control and satiety. Some people are genetically prone to overeating, more inclined to want high fat, high carbohydrate food, and feeling like they have not had enough to eat, not feeling satisfied or full.

Understanding these genetic influences enables us to make the best choices around diet and exercise for successful weight loss and long-term weight maintenance.

For example:

PPARy regulates fat metabolism, energy storage, insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Polymorphism indicates decreased binding of this protein to target genes. This can lead insulin resistance, diabetes type 2, high sensitivity to saturated fat and weight gain.

ADRβ2 this receptor is involved in mobilising fat for energy production in response to stress. Polymorphism indicates decreased receptor function and decreased ability to burn body fat. Associated with increased risk of obesity, weight gain, difficulty losing weight, rebound weight gain and decreased tolerance to carbohydrates.

CETP is an enzyme which breaks down HDL. Polymorphism indicates increased enzyme activity and increased risk of having low HDL

6. Vitamin D Metabolism

Research is clearly demonstrating the importance of vitamin D on our health. Unfortunately, vitamin D deficiency affects almost 50% of the world's population. Factors contributing to this major health problem include lifestyle factors, such as reduced outdoor activities and obesity, environmental factors, such as living in northern latitudes and air pollution, poor dietary choices, and genetic factors. Some studies suggest that almost 10% of the human genome may be at least partially regulated by vitamin D.

Vitamin D is found in nearly every cell in the body and exerts its effect on target tissue such as bone, skin, immune, nervous, endothelial, hair follicle, etc. via the vitamin D receptor. The vitamin D receptor is a protein which binds to vitamin D response elements of vitamin D responsive genes. If the vitamin D receptor is not functioning well, the body will not benefit from the effect of vitamin D. The research is demonstrating that many of the clinical effects of vitamin D are due to the impact of vitamin D on the inflammatory genes and the immune-regulating role of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

For example:

VDR  The vitamin D receptor is a protein which binds to vitamin D response elements of vitamin D responsive genes (approx 900). Polymorphism indicates decreased receptor activity and a decreased ability for vitamin D to exert its effect on target tissue such as bone, immune, skin, nervous, endothelial, hair follicle.

The most important genes to be tested in patients with chronic diseases especially cancer are:

Phase 1 Cytochrome 450 enzymes:

CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1

Phase 2 enzymes:

GSTM1, GCLC, GCLM, GSTP1, NQ01

Methylation:

COMT, MTHFR 677 CT, MTHFR 1298 AC,

Antioxidant:

MnSOD, GPX1, CAT

Inflammation:

IL-6. TNF-alpha, CRP, COX

Genetic Testing Laboratories

1. Fitgenes (Based in Australia) only through certified practitionerNutrigenomics DNA test (the above mentioned genes are all included in the Fitgenes test and some more) 

2.23andme https://www.23andme.comHealth + Ancestry Service $199 (July 2017) The Raw Data of the test needs to be converted using a third party site, otherwise the test won’t tell you anything. Genetic genie is one such third party site, and the free report does not encompass everything tested, but they do cover the most clinically relevant and important genes in two different profiles. Methylation and Detoxification. 

3. SmartDNA (Based in Australia) only through practitioner Genomic Wellness Test 

4.SpectraCell https://www.spectracell.comMTHFR Genotyping $140 (July 2017) 

5. LifeExtension http://www.lifeextension.comMTHFR / COMT Genetic Methylation Profile(2 genes) $149 - $198.66 (depending on sales price) 

6.Direct Labs https://www.directlabs.com/DetoxiGenomic Profile-Genova Kit $754 (July 2017)Description:Gauges single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related with increased risk of the body's inability to cleanse itself properly when exposed to environmental toxins. It also pinpoints those possibly vulnerable to adverse drug reactions. 

7. Holistic health International (Amy Yasko) http://www.holisticheal.com/health-tests/nutrigenomic-testingDNA methylation pathway with methylation pathway analysis (30 SNP test) $495

 

Neurotransmitter Test

 

1. Neurotransmitter Profile-Urine Test

6 neurotransmitters: serotonin + GABA + dopamine + noradrenaline + adrenaline + glutamate are assessed with the Urine Profile test. These neurotransmitters are the most researched in relation to their effects on mood disorders, hormones, sleep, glucose/insulin balance, pain perception, appetite and cognitive function.

Serotonin: There are multiple pathways in the central nervous system where imbalance can produce depressive symptoms, the most well-known of which is the serotonin pathway. Low serotonin levels are often associated with depression, sleep problems, anxiety, aggression, OCD tendencies, carbohydrate cravings, frequent constipation, poor dream recall, low pain tolerance and low self esteem. Excessive signs are confusion, extreme agitation, muscle testing, GI distress/nausea.

GABA: is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, it can be thought of as "the great balancer" of the nervous system. Low GABA may cause anxiety, panic disorders, alcohol craving, seizures, insomnia, dwell over stressful situations. Excessive signs are unlikely to happen.

Dopamine: Dopamine is an excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized in many areas of the brain. Low Dopamine is associated with depression , low libido, lack of interest, low ambition and drive, tremors/restless leg, addictive tendencies, dull and boring dreams. Excess signs are: Aggression and Schizophrenia.

Noradrenaline/ Adrenalin: Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine) are excitatory neurotransmitters as well as adrenal hormones.

Low levels of Noradrenalin are associated with chronic stress/ fatigue/ pain, poor long term memory and depression. Excess sign is panic disorder.

Low levels of Adrenalin are associated with Hypotension, hypoglycaemia, chronic stess and exhaustion, short attention span. Excess sign is panic disorder.

Glutamate: Glutamate is a major mediator of excitatory signals in the brain and is involved in most aspects of normal brain function including cognition, memory and learning. Low glutamate levels are very seldom, excessive signs are: agitation, poor memory and mania.

This test is available through Nutripath (Integrative Pathology Services)

2. Organic Acid Test

The Organic Acid test measures organic acids which are produced as metabolic intermediates in neurotransmitter breakdown.

See full details and explanation of the OAT under specialized tests.

Recommended Laboratories1. LifeExtension http://www.lifeextension.comNeurotransmitter Basic Panel $199 (depends on sales price)Includes: Serotonin, GABA, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Glutamate 2. Direct Labs https://www.directlabs.comNeuro-Biogenic amines, Comprehensive-Doctors Data Kit $369Analytes tested: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC); 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT); 5-Hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA); Catecholamine Fractionation, free; Creatinine; Dopamine, free; Epinephrine, free; Gamma-aminobutyrate; Glutamate; Glycine; Histamine; Metanephrine Fractionation; Metanephrine; Norepinephrine, free; Normetanephrine; Phenethylamine (PEA); Serotonin; Taurine; Tryptamine; Tyramine; and Tyrosine.

 

Cancer Screening Tests:

1. Cancer Profile test

The Cancer Profile© is based on the premise that detectable biochemical changes occur in the human body during its transformation into a cancerous state.  It is composed of eight tests:  HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), tested under three different methodologies (serum chemiluminescence assay and immunoradiometric assay, and urine quantitative chemiluminescence assay); the PHI (phosphohexose isomerase enzyme); CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen); GGTP (gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase); TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone); and DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate).

Dr. Schandl developed his battery of tests after a great deal of reading, testing and experimentation at the Howard Hughes Research Institute in Miami and at local hospitals in South Florida. He has observed marker elevations in patients as much as ten to twelve years prior to diagnosis. Knowing that the developmental process of cancer takes ten to twelve years, one may be able to detect the very beginning of cancer, allowing plenty of time to make lifestyle adjustment corrections in order to avoid possibly catastrophic consequences.  It should be noted that the CA Profile© is excellent not only for early detection, but also clinical laboratory follow-ups and monitoring disease reduction or progression.

The uniqueness of the Cancer Profile© is that it combines a number of tests which, by themselves, might not be indicative enough but together provide an impressive level of accuracy and precision.

Also included in the profile are the DHEA-S, TSH, and GGTP tests.  These are peripherally related to cancer.  The rationale is that people with either low thyroid activity, low adrenal activity, or abnormal GGTP results seem to be predisposed to cancer.

The tests can be ordered from American Metabolic Laboratories. No prescription is required.

American Metabolic Laboratories https://www.americanmetaboliclaboratories.net

1818 Sheridan Street, Suite 102

Hollywood, FL 33020

954-929-4814/929-4895

Cost: $498

2. Greece Test by R.G.C.C Ltd.

R.G.C.C. Ltd. offers a range of individualised tests from a world-class molecular oncology laboratory in Greece.

The most important test they offer are:

1. Oncocount: Provides information on the presence and the concentration of Circulating Tumor Cells. It enumerates only the progenitor cells that are relevant to potent relapse and recurrence of the disease. Test is done with blood.
2. Oconomics: Provides information about the efficacy of specific chemotherapy drugs on the cancer cells derived from a single patient. The method incorporates two procedures, the epigenetic analysis and the viability assays, to validate the data.
3. Onconomics Extracts: Provides information about the efficacy of natural biological substances or extracts on cancer cells. The assessment is based on three methods: the direct cytotoxic effect, stimulation of the immune system and the inhibition of proliferative signals in the cancer cells.
4. Onconomics PLUS: combines Oconomics and Oconomics Extract test
5. Chemo SNIP: Pharmacogenomics is the science that examines the inherited variations in genes that dictate drug response and explores the ways these variations can be used to predict whether a patient will have a good response to a drug, a bad response to a drug or no response at all.
   Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) aare DNA sequence variations that can affect how humans develop disease or respond to chemicals, drugs and other agents.
   ChemoSNiP includes the study of SNPs of genes that are included in metabolism/detoxification of cytostatic or targeted drugs which are used as cancer therapy.

Natural Substances tested with the Onconomics Extracts and Onconomics PLUS:

Nrf2 Activator, Artecin, Proteo-Xyme, Arabinogalactan, Aromat8-PN, Dextrol, Cellular Vitality, Epimune Complex, Cat’s Claw Forte, Retensyme Forte, Metformin, Salicinium, Mammary PMG, Quercetin, Super Artemisinin, Oncoplex ES, Poly-MVA, C-statin, Ascorbic Acid, Superoxide Dismutase, Ukrain, Bio-Ae-Mulsion Forte, Bio-D-Mulsion NuMedica Micellized D3, Curcumin, Vitanox, Mistletoe, AHCC Active Hexose Correlated Compound, Amygdalin- (B17), Thymex, Burdock Complex, Salvestrol, Virxcan, Immune Plus (Fermented Soyextract), DCA (Dichloroacetate), Genistein, PME, New PME, OPC, Intenzyme Forte, Cruciferous, CV247, Lycopene, Green Tea Extract, Paw-Paw, Indol-3- Carbinol, Melatonin, Naltrexone, Resveratrol, Oleander Extract and increasing daily.

Chemosensitivity testing involves testing an individual’s cancer cells in the laboratory to see which drugs demonstrate the best response. It therefore provides guidance about which treatments may be best for the individual in clinical practice.

The Chemo SNP genetic makeup determines whether a person is a:

• Rapid metabolisers (individuals that metabolise the drug fast without receiving any benefit from it)
• Accumulators (individuals that cannot excrete the byproducts of a drug, which causes severe side effects and toxicities)
• Normal metabolisers (these individuals can normally metabolise a drug to its active form and excrete the byproducts normally).

Each patient and each malignancy has its own identity, and behaves individually and differently from person to person.

Therefore personalised treatment becomes essential in order to generate better rates of successful treatments in cancer.

Limitations for the Greece test:

• Very expensive test (Onconomics PLUS) depending on country between $3000-5000 or even more.
• Test is done via blood in vitro and therefore not resembling normal body conditions. The evaluation on chemo sensitivity and resistance to certain drugs and natural substances may or may not be fully reliable. Many doctors have dropped the test due to insufficient success.
• Test should be repeated after 3 months on treatment protocol.

Research Genetic Cancer Center R.G.C.C.  https://www.rgcc-group.com/All offered tests can be looked up on this site. Prices are in Euro and unfortunately can tripple depending on country. Test needs to be ordered through clinicians. Sample test results can be downloaded.  

 

Specialized Tests

1. Organic Acid Test

Organic acids are metabolic intermediates produced in pathways of central energy production, detoxification, neurotransmitter breakdown, and intestinal microbial activity. Accumulation of specific organic acids in urine often signals a metabolic inhibition or block. This abnormality may be due to a nutrient deficiency, an inherited enzyme deficit, toxic build-up, or drug effect. Testing for organic acids helps reveal activity and changes at the metabolic level.

The organic acid test provides information for:

• Vitamin and mineral insufficiencies
• Amino acid insufficiencies like carnitine and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)
• Oxidative damage and antioxidant sufficiency markers
• Indicators to assess detoxification sufficiency
• The best functional markers of B-complex deficiency
• Neurotransmitter metabolites to assess central nervous system (CNS) function
• Mitochondrial energy production assessment via citric acid cycle components
• Methylation sufficiency status
• Lipoic acid and CoQ10 sufficiency markers
• Specific dysbiosis markers for bacterial and yeast overgrowth.


When to request an organic acid test:

• Fatigue
• Sleep abnormalities
• Mood changes
• Blood sugar dysregulation
• Weight gain
• Nausea
• Multiple chemical sensitivity
• Bloating
• Distention
• Joint pain
• Gas
• Reflux
• Autoimmune disorders
• Dermatitis
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Cancer
• Inflammation
• Headaches
• Early aging.

Analytes of Organix Comprehensive Urine Test by Metametrix

FATTY ACID METABOLISM

• Adipate
• Soubrette
• Ethylmalonate.

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

• Pyruvate
• L-Lactate
• Beta-Hydroxybutyrate.

ENERGY PRODUCTION (CITRIC ACID CYCLE)

• Citrate
• Cis-aconite
• Isocitrate
• Alpha-Ketoglutarate
• Succinate
• Fumarate
• Malate
• Hydroxymethylglutarate.

B-COMPLEX VITAMIN MARKERS

• Alpha-Ketoisovalerate
• Alpha-Ketoisocaproate
• Alpha-Keto-beta-methylvalerate
• Xanthurenate
• Beta-hydroxyisovalerate.

METHYLATION COFACTOR MARKERS

• Methylmalonate
• Formiminoglutamate.

NEUROTRANSMITTER METABOLISM MARKERS

• Vanilmandelate
• Homvanillate
• 5-hydroxyindoleacetate
• Kynurenate
• Quinolinate
• Picolinate.

OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND ANTIOXIDANT MARKER

•  p-Hydroxyphenyllactate
• 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine.

DETOXIFICATON INDICATORS

• 2-Methylhippurate
• Orotate
• Glucarate
• Alpha-hydroxybutyrate
• Pyroglutamate
• Sulfatef.

BACTERIAL-GENERAL

• Benzoate
• Hippurate
• Phenylacetate
• Phenylpropionate
• p-Hydroxybenzoate
• p-Hydroxyphenylacetate
• Indican
• Tricarballylate.

L.ACIDOPHILUS/GENERAL BACTERIA

• D-Lactate.

CLOSTRIDIAL SPECIE

• 3,4 Dihydroxyphenylpropionate.

YEAST/FUNGAL

• D-Arabinitol
• Creatinine.

Recommended Laboratories1. The Great Plains Laboratory https://www.greatplainslaboratory.comAmino Acid Urine Test 2. Integrative Psychiatry https://www.integrativepsychiatry.net/amino_acid_test.htmlPractitioner phone consultations available, some included with test.Amino Acids Analysis Urine- Genova Kit $438Amino Acids, Urine- Doctor’s Data Kit $310Metametrix Bloodspot Amino Acid Assay $255Metametrix Triad Bloodspot Profile $565 

 

Other screening tests

1. Live Blood Analysis

Live blood analysis, also known as live blood cell analysis, is the observation of live blood cells using a dark field microscope. It is a diagnostic test that is used as a means of detecting health conditions.

A drop of blood is taken from the patient’s fingertip, put on to a glass plate and then viewed using a microscope that projects the images onto a screen. The blood is not dried or stained beforehand, so the blood elements can be seen in their living state. The tester will look at the variations in the size, shape, ratio, and fine structure of the red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other blood structures.

Information provided by live blood analysis

Live blood analysis can provide information about different areas, including:

• The immune system and how well it is functioning
• Possible vitamin deficiencies
• How much toxicity is in the body
• pH imbalances
• Mineral imbalances
• Fungus and yeasts within the body
• Potential areas of concern and/or weakness
• If the diet is too high in fats and acids
• Poor nutrition
• Smoking/alcohol
• Oxidative stress and free radical damage
• Inflammation in the body
• Health of the liver.

Live blood analysis is not a diagnostic tool but rather an observational tool for a practitioner to observe changes in a patient’s health. It also will give the practitioner a fast tool to get an overview of a patient’s health and to conduct further investigations.

2. Electroacupunctur after Voll, now known under Vega testing, Asyra, Dermatron, Bio-Tron, Zyto.....

The testing procedure was originally known as electroacupuncture according to Voll (EAV), but is now called by many other names including electrodermal screening (EDS), electrodermal testing (EDT), bioelectric functions diagnosis (BFD), bio resonance therapy (BRT), bio-energy regulatory technique (BER), biocybernetic medicine (BM), computerized electrodermal screening (CEDS), computerized electrodermal stress analysis (CEDSA), limbic stress analysis (LSA), meridian energy analysis (MEA), point testing, and many more.

These devices supposedly diagnose diseases and/or energy imbalances, indicate which remedies will correct the problem(s), and sometimes even treat the imbalances by transmitting a balancing frequency to the patient.

The machines are used by practitioners to diagnose, treat and prescribe remedies.

Since all these machines can basically do is generate a small electrical current, how can that single stimulus be differently interpreted by the body to provide all that complex information? How could the body know whether you are asking it about the liver or about the benefit of a homeopathic remedy?

We don't recommend bio-feed back testing as an accurate form of diagnosis or treatment tool.

3. Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging

Digital infrared thermal imaging or medical thermography is a noninvasive adjunctive diagnostic technique that allows the examiner to visualise and quantify changes in skin surface temperature.

An infrared scanning device is used to convert infrared radiation emitted from the skin surface into electrical impulses that are visualised in color on a monitor. This visual image graphically maps the body temperature and is referred to as a thermogram. The spectrum of colors indicate an increase or decrease in the amount of infrared radiation being emitted from the body surface.

Since there is a high degree of thermal symmetry in the normal body, subtle abnormal temperature asymmetries can be easily identified.

Unlike most diagnostic modalities DITI is non invasive. It is a very sensitive and reliable means of graphically mapping and displaying skin surface temperature. With DITI you can diagnose, evaluate, monitor and document a large number of injuries and conditions, including any breast abnormality, soft tissue injuries and sensory/autonomic nerve fibre dysfunction.

A study evaluated digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) in its role in the detection of breast cancer. Sixty of 94 biopsies were malignant and 34 were benign, DITI identified 58 of 60 malignancies.

Another study tracked 1537 women with abnormal thermograms for twelve years. They had normal mammograms and physical exams. Within five years, 40% of the women developed malignancies. The researchers commented ‘an abnormal thermogram is the single most important marker of high risk for the future development of breast cancer’. These results have been repeated over and over again for nearly 30 years.

Thermography is done with no radiation, none compression and detects the earliest changes in a breast long before a mammogram can find anything. As this diagnostic tool  is not harmful to the tissue, tests can be repeated as often as needed to observe development of the disease and success of treatment.Thermography exams are available in most cities. Check your local listings or refer to following organisations:

• The International Academy of Clinical Thermology: www.iact-org/links.html
• Breast Thermograpy: www.breastthermography.com/find-a-center.htm
• Regulation Thermography: www.alfa.global
• The American College of Clinical Thermology
• www.thermologyonline.org/Breast/breast_thermography_clinics.htm

3. Mammograms

A Swedish study involving over 60,000 women pointed out recently that 70% of all detected ‘tumours’ weren’t tumours at all but false positives that led to invasive biopsies. Up to 80% of all positive mammograms turn up without a shred of cancer after the biopsy as well.

Mammogram screening increases the risk of cancer. Just four breast films (the usual for one session) exposes a woman to 1 rad (radiation absorbed dose) about 1000 times more than a chest X-ray. If cancer is present, the extreme compression during a mammogram can help cancerous cells to spread (Lancet, 11992; 3440:122).

Some doctors in the medical community, including, Dr. John W. Gofman, an authority on the health effects of ionising radiation, estimates that 75% of breast cancer could be prevented by avoiding or minimising exposure to ionising radiation. Dr. Gofman goes so far as to say that medical radiation may even be a primary cause for numerous cancers, including breast cancer.

Since mammographic screening was introduced, the incidence of a form of breast cancer called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has increased by 328 percent. Two hundred percent of this increase is allegedly due to mammography. In addition to harmful radiation, mammography may also help spread existing cancer cells due to the considerable pressure placed on the woman's breast during the procedure. According to some health practitioners, this compression could cause existing cancer cells to metastasise from the breast tissue.

Thermography technologies are safe and accurate in their result. They are able to detect cancers at a minute physical stage of development. Thermography does not use x-rays nor is there any compression of the breast. Also important, new thermography technologies do not lose effectiveness with dense breast tissue, decreasing the chances of false-negative results.

Some doctors are now offering digital mammograms. Digital mammography is a mammography system in which x-ray film is replaced by solid-state detectors that convert x-rays into electric signals. Though radiation is still used, digital mammography requires a much smaller dose. The electrical signals are used to produce images that can be electronically manipulated; a physician can zoom in, magnify and optimise different parts of breast tissue without having to take an additional image.

 

Test for Monitoring Effectiveness of Treatment Protocol

1. hCG, Quantitative, Serum (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) 

Elevated hCG concentrations not associated with pregnancy are found in patients with tumors of the germ cells, ovaries, bladder, pancreas, stomach, lungs, and liver. This test may be ordered at regular intervals to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions and to detect tumor recurrence.

The hCG test is used to determine pregnancy, a natural process, whereby the body is producing excess cells for the development of a fetus. Dr. Beard concluded, after evaluating the theory of using hCG to determine how actively the body is producing unnecessary cells or controlling cell production at a normal level, that the hCG measurement is a competent system to diagnose and monitor cancer cell activity.

Direct Labs ( https://www.directlabs.com) offers this test for $49 and a turn around of 4-5 business days.

The test can also be ordered from the Navarro Clinic (Phillipine) http://www.navarromedicalclinic.com for $55 and a turn around of 3-4 weeks.

2. Oncocount from R.G.C.C. Ltd

Provides information on the presence and the concentration of Circulating Tumor Cells. It enumerates only the progenitor cells that are relevant to potent relapse and recurrence of the disease. Test is done with blood. Can be used to monitor treatment effectiveness.

Laboratories which offer Patient Ordering

The Great Plains Laboratory Inc. http://www.greatplainslaboratory.com

They offer a big variety on tests (internationally) some of this are:
Organic Acids Test (OAT)
Metals Hair Test
Gluten / Casein Peptides Test
Comprehensive Stool Analysis
IgG Food Allergy Test w/ Candida- Serum
Organic Acids Test + Yeast Culture w/ Sensitivity Test Combo
IgG Food Allergy Test w/ Candida - Dried Blood Spot (DBS)
Metals Urine Test - Random collection
Microbial Organic Acids Test + Yeast Culture w/ Sensitivity Test Combo
Immune Deficiency Profile

They also offer an extensive highly recommendable webinar library.

LifeExtension Blood Testing Services  http://www.lef.org

Blood testing services are available only in the continental United States and Anchorage, AK. Not available in Maryland.
They offer a big variety on tests. The LifeExtension website is full with great articles and resources.

ZRT Laboratory  https://store.zrtlab.com/

Saliva, blood spot and dried urine are used for the minimally-invasive hormone testing that is the hallmark of ZRT Laboratory.

Direct Labs   https://www.directlabs.com

DirectLabs offers a wide variety of direct access laboratory testing and results. It offers the hCG test for $49 with a turn around of 4-5 business days.

RequestAtest http://www.requestatest.com They offer direct to consumer access to lab screenings in a rapid, discreet and affordable way. 

American Metabolic Laboratories https://www.americanmetaboliclaboratories.net Offers Tumour marker tests, Cancer Profile test, Longevity profile and other tests directly to patients. 

SpectraCell Laboratories https://www.spectracell.comOffer special tests for nutritional, cardiovascular function as well as for hormone balance and genetics to patients. 

Walk-In-Lab  https://www.walkinlab.com Walk-In Lab offers a wide array of lab tests with or without a physician's referral. 

ANY LAB TEST NOW  https://www.anylabtestnow.com ANY LAB TEST NOW offers many blood tests; STD tests; other medical lab tests, DNA testing, including paternity tests; and drug screening and alcohol testing services. 

Health Testing Centers  https://www.healthtestingcenters.comOffer lab tests without visit to a doctor. 

DHA Laboratory https://www.dhalab.com/. direct patient order - globally (incl. DUTCH test)

LABTESTSDIRECT  https://www.labtestsdirect.com.au/Offer functional testing directly to consumers. (incl. DUTCH test) available in Australia 

iMedical  https://imedical.com.au/order/blood-tests/build-your-own-private-blood-testsPathology and functional tests direct to the consumers - available in Australia 

 

Pathology Summary Interpretation List

Please download this pdf file for your reference. The list will assist when interpreting pathology results. Please keep in mind that reference ranges can vary between different laboratories. (We also don't claim the list to be fully complete)

Pathology Summary Interpretation List